The cell cycle inhibitor P21 promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing lung alveolar regeneration

The cell cycle inhibitor P21 has been implicated in cell senescence and plays an important role in the injury-repair process following lung injury. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fibrotic lung disorder characterized by cell senescence in lung alveolar epithelial cells. In this study, we report that P21 expression was increased in alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) in a time-dependent manner following multiple bleomycin-induced PF. Repeated injury of AEC2s resulted in telomere shortening and triggered P21-dependent cell senescence. AEC2s with elevated expression of P21 lost their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. In particular, elevated P21 not only induced cell cycle arrest in AEC2s but also bound to P300 and b-catenin and inhibited AEC2 differentiation by disturbing the P300-b-catenin interaction. Meanwhile, senescent AEC2s triggered myofibroblast activation by releasing profibrotic cytokines. Knockdown of P21 restored AEC2-mediated lung alveolar regeneration in mice with chronic PF. The results of our study reveal a mechanism of P21-mediated lung regeneration failure during PF development, which suggests a potential strategy for the treatment of fibrotic lung diseases. 2022 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

The cell cycle inhibitor P21 plays a crucial role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by promoting cell senescence and inhibiting lung alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. Elevated P21 expression in lung alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) induces cell cycle arrest and disrupts the P300-beta-catenin interaction, leading to impaired AEC2 differentiation. Additionally, senescent AEC2s activate myofibroblasts by releasing profibrotic cytokines. Knockdown of P21 restores lung alveolar regeneration in a mouse model of chronic PF.