Spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap: Even-petal-number necklacelike state and persistent flow

Spin-orbit coupling has novel spin-flip symmetries, a spin-1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate owns meaningful interactions, and a toroidal trap is topologically nontrivial. We incorporate the three together and study the ground-state phase diagram in a Rashba spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate with a toroidal trap. The spin-flip symmetries give rise to two different interesting phases: persistent flows with a unit phase winding difference between three components, and necklace states with even petal number. The existing parameter regimes and properties of these phases are characterized by two-dimensional numerical calculations and an azimuthal analytical one-dimensional model.

Automated summary

This study combines spin-orbit coupling, spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates, and toroidal traps, and analyzes the ground-state phase diagram. The spin-flip symmetries give rise to two interesting phases.