Denaturation of proteins: electrostatic effects vs. hydration

The unfolding transition of proteins in aqueous solution containing various salts or uncharged solutes is a classical subject of biophysics. In many cases, this transition is a well-defined two-stage equilibrium process which can be described by a free energy of transition Delta G(u) and a transition temperature T-m. For a long time, it has been known that solutes can change T-m profoundly. Here we present a phenomenological model that describes the change of T-m with the solute concentration c(s) in terms of two effects: (i) the change of the number of correlated counterions Delta n(ci) and (ii) the change of hydration expressed through the parameter Delta w and its dependence on temperature expressed through the parameter d Delta c(p)/dc(s). Proteins always carry charges and Delta n(ci) describes the uptake or release of counterions during the transition. Likewise, the parameter Delta w measures the uptake or release of water during the transition. The transition takes place in a reservoir with a given salt concentration c(s) that defines also the activity of water. The parameter Delta n(ci) is a measure for the gain or loss of free energy because of the release or uptake of ions and is related to purely entropic effects that scale with ln c(s). Delta w describes the effect on Delta G(u) through the loss or uptake of water molecules and contains enthalpic as well as entropic effects that scale with c(s). It is related to the enthalpy of transition Delta H-u through a Maxwell relation: the dependence of Delta H-u on c(s) is proportional to the dependence of Delta w on temperature. While ionic effects embodied in Delta n(ci) are independent of the kind of salt, the hydration effects described through Delta w are directly related to Hofmeister effects of the various salt ions. A comparison with literature data underscores the general validity of the model.

Automated summary

This article investigates the transition of proteins in aqueous solution with various salts or uncharged solutes. A phenomenological model is presented to describe the effect of solute concentration on transition temperature, taking into account the change in the number of counterions and hydration. The results highlight the influence of ions and hydration on the free energy of transition, providing insights into the physical mechanisms underlying protein transitions.