Journal
ANALYST
Volume 147, Issue 9, Pages 1756-1776Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/d2an00157h
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Funding
- A*STAR RIE2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) Programmatic Grant [A18A8b0059]
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This review discusses the impact of bacterial infection on wound healing and introduces various methods for detecting bacterial infections, including laboratory-based conventional methods and contemporary biosensor methods. Wearable sensors or smart wound dressings are a new method that enables direct detection of bacteria from wound sites. The review compares the performance of different methods and evaluates their suitability in providing timely and accurate diagnostic results for bacterial infections.
Bacterial infection is a common impediment towards wound healing. Detecting bacterial infections is important to promote wound healing and curb chronic non-healing wounds. In this review, we firstly discuss bacterial communities, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in various types of wounds. Following the discussion of wound sampling methods (swab, biopsy) for different wounds, we then discuss laboratory based conventional methods (bacteria cultures, Gram staining, analytical profile index systems, polymerase chain reaction, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry), focusing on their recent improvement. After that we discussed the contemporary biosensor methods, including e-Nose, electrochemical sensors, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay. Biosensors embedded into wound dressing, termed wearable sensors or smart wound dressing, are also discussed for their ability of enabling bacteria detection directly from wound sites without the need for obtaining swab/biopsy samples. We have compared all the detection methods for their performance according to their respective targets (either bacteria cells or volatile/non-volatile metabolites); after that we evaluate the suitability of various methods in providing timely and accurate diagnostic results towards real-time, point-of-care testing of bacterial infections.
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