Journal
PNAS NEXUS
Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048
Keywords
ice cores; tephra; sulfate; volcanic forcing; tree-rings
Funding
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union [820047]
- Malcolm H. Wiener Foundation (Interdisciplinary Chronology of Civilizations Project)
- UKRI Future Leader Fellowship [MR/S035478/1]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
This study resolves the controversy surrounding the exact year and climatic impact of the Minoan eruption of Thera, Greece, by synchronizing Antarctic and Greenland ice-core records. It conclusively demonstrates that the colossal eruption of Alaska's Aniakchak II, rather than Thera, was responsible for the stratospheric sulfate in the ice layer dated to 1628 BCE. These findings highlight the importance of understanding past volcanic eruptions and their global climatic impacts.
Decades of research have focused on establishing the exact year and climatic impact of the Minoan eruption of Thera, Greece (c.1680 to 1500 BCE). Ice cores offer key evidence to resolve this controversy, but attempts have been hampered by a lack of multivolcanic event synchronization between records. In this study, Antarctic and Greenland ice-core records are synchronized using a double bipolar sulfate marker, and calendar dates are assigned to each eruption revealed within the 'Thera period'. From this global-scale sequence of volcanic sulfate loading, we derive indications toward each eruption's latitude and potential to disrupt the climate system. Ultrafine sampling for sulfur isotopes and tephra conclusively demonstrate a colossal eruption of Alaska's Aniakchak II as the source of stratospheric sulfate in the now precisely dated 1628 BCE ice layer. These findings end decades of speculation that Thera was responsible for the 1628 BCE event, and place Aniakchak II (52 +/- 17 Tg S) and an unknown volcano at 1654 BCE (50 +/- 13 Tg S) as two of the largest Northern Hemisphere sulfur injections in the last 4,000 years. This opens possibilities to explore widespread climatic impacts for contemporary societies and, in pinpointing Aniakchak II, confirms that stratospheric sulfate can be globally distributed from eruptions outside the tropics. Dating options for Thera are reduced to a series of precisely dated, constrained stratospheric sulfur injection events at 1611 BCE, 1561/1558/1555BCE, and c.1538 BCE, which are all below 14 +/- 5 Tg S, indicating a climatic forcing potential for Thera well below that of Tambora (1815 CE).
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available