Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
Volume 10, Issue 19, Pages 10768-10779Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/d2ta01205g
Keywords
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Funding
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation
- Ministry of Science and Innovation [CEX2019-000917-S, PGC2018-095411-B-I00]
- European Research Council [648901]
- European Research Council (ERC) [648901] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
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This study presents a non-halogenated and low synthetic complexity ink formulation for the photoactive layer (PAL) of organic solar cells. The formulation shows a high power conversion efficiency under both outdoor and indoor conditions. SnO2 is identified as the most suitable electron transport layer for indoor environments. The combination of PTQ10:PC61BM with either PEI-Zn or SnO2 is positioned as a promising system for industrialization of low cost, multipurpose OPV modules.
The desired attributes of organic photovoltaics (OPV) as a low cost and sustainable energy harvesting technology demand the use of non-halogenated solvent processing for the photoactive layer (PAL) materials, preferably of low synthetic complexity (SC) and without compromising the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Despite their record PCEs, most donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers in combination with non-fullerene acceptors are still far from upscaling due to their high cost and SC. Here we present a non-halogenated and low SC ink formulation for the PAL of organic solar cells, comprising PTQ10 and PC61BM as donor and acceptor materials, respectively, showing a record PCE of 7.5% in blade coated devices under 1 sun, and 19.9% under indoor LED conditions. We further study the compatibility of the PAL with 5 different electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted architecture. We identify that commercial ZnO-based formulations together with a methanol-based polyethyleneimine-Zn (PEI-Zn) chelated ETL ink are the most suitable interlayers for outdoor conditions, providing fill factors as high as 74% and excellent thickness tolerance (up to 150 nm for the ETL, and >200 nm for the PAL). In indoor environments, SnO2 shows superior performance as it does not require UV photoactivation. Semi-transparent devices manufactured entirely in air via lamination show indoor PCEs exceeding 10% while retaining more than 80% of the initial performance after 400 and 350 hours of thermal and light stress, respectively. As a result, PTQ10:PC61BM combined with either PEI-Zn or SnO2 is currently positioned as a promising system for industrialisation of low cost, multipurpose OPV modules.
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