The observation-based relationships between PM2.5 and AOD over China

This is the first investigation of the generalized linear regressions of PM2.5 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) with the Campaign on atmospheric Aerosol Research-China network over the large high-concentration aerosol region during the period from 2012 to 2013. The map of the PM2.5 and AOD levels showed large spatial differences in the aerosol concentrations and aerosol optical properties over China. The ranges of the annual mean PM2.5 and AOD were 10-117 mu g/m(3) and 0.12-1.11 from the clean regions to seriously polluted regions, from the almost arctic and the Tibetan Plateau to tropical environments. There were significant spatial agreements and correlations between the PM2.5 and AOD. However, the linear regression functions (PM2.5=A*AOD+B) exhibited large differences in different regions and seasons. The slopes (A) were from 13 to 90, the intercepts (B) were from 0.8 to 33.3, and the correlation coefficients (R-2) ranged from 0.06 to 0.75. The slopes (A) were much higher in the north (41-99) than in the south (13-64) because the extinction efficiency of hygroscopic aerosol was rapidly increasing with the increasing humidity from the dry north to the humid south. Meanwhile, the intercepts (B) were generally lower, and the correlation coefficients (R-2) were much higher in the dry north than in the humid south. There was high consistency of AOD versus PM2.5 for all sites in three ranges of the atmospheric column precipitable water vapor (PWV). The segmented linear regression functions were y=84.66x+9.85 (PWV<1.0), y=69.47x+11.87 (1.0<2.5), and y=52.37x+8.59 (PWV>2.5). The correlation coefficients (R-2) were high from 0.64 to 0.70 across China.