Journal
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING
Volume 15, Issue -, Pages 2929-2943Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3165168
Keywords
Gratings; Instruments; Satellites; Atmospheric modeling; Spatial resolution; Next generation networking; Detectors; Atmospheric; cryocooler; CubeSat; detector; focal plane array; grating; infrared; readout; SmallSat; sounder; spectrometer; technology
Categories
Funding
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Looking ahead to the next generation of hyperspectral infrared atmospheric sounders, grating spectrometers show promise for improved performance and reduced complexity. This article reviews the technology used in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and highlights the advantages of grating spectrometers.
As we look forward to the next generation of hyperspectral infrared (IR) atmospheric sounders, grating spectrometers hold promise for improved performance (e.g., horizontal and spectral resolutions) and more rapid revisit while reducing the size and complexity of the instrument. We briefly revisit the technology used in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), recognizing that it was developed in the 1990's and has matured key technologies in the areas of IR detectors, optical coatings, gratings, and cryocoolers. AIRS has been an unqualified success not only as a science and operational mission but also as a technology demonstration of the reliability and simplicity of grating spectrometer IR sounding instruments. Advancements in focal plane arrays (FPAs) have enabled a new class of grating spectrometer IR sounders that offer more spectral channels on a single FPA, mitigating some of the issues seen in AIRS that used linear arrays. These improvements have been manifested in the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (CIRAS) brassboard instrument, developed at the California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory with industry partner Ball Aerospace. Further enhancements beyond those used in CIRAS enable the development of a new class of instruments with a very long-wavelength infrared response and a very high spatial resolution (<2 km) that can be used for the next generation of IR sounders. Grating spectrometers provide advantages over other methods, including smaller apertures due to the ability to use larger FPAs, having no moving parts or laser metrology systems to produce spectra, lower internal FPA readout rates, and lower overall system data rates.
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