Strategies for the development of three dimensional scaffolds from piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Cell supports based on electroactive materials, that generate electrical signal variations as a response to mechanical deformations and vice-versa, are gaining increasing attention for tissue engineering applications. In particular, poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, has been proven to be suitable for these applications in the form of films and two-dimensional membranes. In this work, several strategies have been implemented in order to develop PVDF three-dimensional scaffolds. Three processing methods, including solvent casting with particulate leaching and three-dimensional nylon, and freeze extraction with poly(vinyl alcohol) templates are presented in order to obtain three-dimensional scaffolds with different architectures and interconnected porosity. Further, it is shown that the scaffolds are in the electroactive beta-phase and show a crystallinity degree of similar to 45%. Finally, quasi-static mechanical measurements showed that an increase of the porous size within the scaffold leads to a tensile strengths and the Young's modulus decrease, allowing tuning scaffold properties for specific tissues. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.