What complete mitochondrial genomes tell us about the evolutionary history of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens

Background The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens is a cosmopolitan fly massively used by industrial companies to reduce biowaste and produce protein and fat for poultry and aquaculture feed. However, the natural history and the genetic diversity of the BSF are poorly known. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogeny and time tree based on a large dataset of complete mitochondrial genomes better to understand the evolution and timing of the BSF. Results In this study, we analyzed 677 CO1 sequences derived from samples found all over the five continents, leading us to discover 52 haplotypes, including ten major haplotypes. This worldwide cryptic genetic and genomic diversity is mirrored at a local scale in France, in which we found five major haplotypes sometimes in sympatry. Phylogenetic analyses of 60 complete mitochondrial genomes robustly resolved the phylogeny of the major BSF haplotypes. We estimate the separation events of the different haplotypes at more than 2 million years for the oldest branches characterizing the ancestral split between present North American lineages and the other highly diverse south-central American clades, possibly the following radiation beyond the isthmus of Panama northwards. Our data confirm that this North American lineage ultimately gave birth to almost all commercial BSF stocks that participated in the worldwide BSF dissemination through farm escapements. Conclusions Our data resolve the phylogenetic relationships between the major lineages and give insights into the BSF's short and long-term evolution. Our results indicate that commercial BSF stock's genetic and genomic diversity is very low. These results call for a better understanding of the genomic diversity of the BSF to unravel possible specific adaptations of the different lineages for industrial needs and to initiate the selection process.

Automated summary

Our study analyzed a large dataset of complete mitochondrial genomes of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) to understand its evolution and timing. We discovered worldwide genetic diversity in the BSF, with 52 haplotypes found across five continents. Phylogenetic analysis of 60 complete mitochondrial genomes resolved the major BSF haplotypes and estimated separation events to more than 2 million years ago. Our data confirm that the North American lineage gave birth to commercial BSF stocks that spread globally through farm escapements. The study highlights the low genetic diversity of commercial BSF stocks and calls for further research to understand their specific adaptations for industrial needs.