Exploring characteristics of increased suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan using provisional governmental data

Background The Japanese age-standardised death rate of suicide (SDR) had decreased during 2009-2019, but increased in 2020-2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study aimed to explain the trend change in the SDR during the pandemic, disaggregated by prefecture, gender, suicide method and household, as compared to predicted SDR derived from pre-pandemic data, using linear mixed-effect and hierarchical linear regression models with robust standard error analyses. Findings The SDR was lower during March-June 2020 (during the first wave of the pandemic), but higher during July-December 2020 than the predicted SDR. In 2021, males' SDR was nearly equal to the predicted SDR, whereas females' SDR in the metropolitan-region (17.5%: 95% confidence interval: 13.9-21.2%) and non-metropolitan-region (24.7%: 95% confidence interval: 22.8-26.7%) continued to be higher than the predicted SDR. These gender- and region-dependent temporal fluctuations of SDR were synchronised with those of SDRs caused by hanging, at home and single-person-households. Additionally, the rising number of infected patients with the SARS-CoV-2 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic examinations were positively (beta = 0.024) and negatively (beta =-0.002) related to the SDR during the pandemic, respectively. Interpretation Japanese suicide statistics have previously established that the predominant method and place of suicide were by hanging and at the individual's home, respectively. The present findings suggest that transformed life-styles during the pandemic, increasing time spent at home, enhanced the suicide risk of Japanese people by hanging and at home. Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Automated summary

This study analyzes the trend change in suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and finds an increase in rates in 2020 and 2021. The trend change is associated with gender, region, suicide method, and household. The study also finds that suicide rates among those who hang themselves at home and single-person households fluctuate in synchronization with the overall rates. Furthermore, the increase in the number of infected patients and diagnostic examinations is positively and negatively related to the suicide rate, respectively.