Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW D
Volume 105, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.095015
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy [DE-SC-0017647]
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This study derives constraints on the phase transition temperature and strength parameter in a model-independent way using cosmological observables and discusses the implications for using a first-order phase transition to explain the observed signal from NANOGrav.
First-order phase transitions exist in many models beyond the Standard Model and can generate detectable stochastic gravitational waves for a strong one. Using the cosmological observables in big bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic microwave background, we derive constraints on the phase transition temperature and strength parameter in a model-independent way. For a strong phase transition, we find that the phase transition temperature should be above around 2 MeV for both reheating photon and neutrino cases. For a weak one with the temperature below 1 MeV, the phase transition strength parameter is constrained to be smaller than around 0.1. Implications for using a first-order phase transition to explain the NANOGrav observed signal are also discussed.
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