Related references
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Summary: We have identified an unconventional algebraic scaling phase in the quantum dynamics of long-range hopping free fermions under continuous local measurements. This phase exhibits features such as algebraic entanglement entropy growth and a slow algebraic decay of the density-density correlation function.
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(2022)
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(2022)
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Maxwell Block et al.
Summary: The presence of long-range power-law interactions fundamentally alters the nature of the transition between scrambling unitary evolution and projective measurements in the dynamics of quantum entanglement. For sufficiently weak power laws, the transition induced by measurements is described by conformal field theory, similar to short-range-interacting hybrid circuits. However, beyond a critical power law, long-range interactions result in a continuum of nonconformal universality classes with continuously varying critical exponents. The phase diagram for a one-dimensional, long-range-interacting hybrid circuit model is numerically determined as a function of the power-law exponent and the measurement rate. Furthermore, a theoretical understanding for the critical power law is provided by using an analytic mapping to a long-range quantum Ising model.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
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Matteo Ippoliti et al.
Summary: The extension of many-body quantum dynamics to the nonunitary domain has led to the discovery of steady-state phases with various entanglement scaling behavior, from logarithmic to extensive to fractal. By utilizing a duality transformation, the relationship between unitary and nonunitary dynamics is revealed, shedding light on the growth of entanglement in unitary circuits and the corresponding nonunitary circuits. This understanding allows for the derivation of nonthermal volume-law entangled phases and the identification of steady-state phases with fractal entanglement scaling. Additionally, an experimental protocol for preparing these novel steady states has been proposed.
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Zhi-Cheng Yang et al.
Summary: This study explores a class of random tensor network models called random stabilizer tensor networks (RSTNs) and performs numerical studies on a two-dimensional square lattice. The study finds that RSTNs support volume-law and area-law entangled boundary states in the absence of broken bonds, and there exists a critical measurement rate that causes the boundary states to transition from volume-law to area-law entangled when bonds are randomly broken. The study further investigates the conformal invariance at these entanglement transitions for different prime numbers and suggests a distinct entanglement transition universality class for each prime number based on the observed discrepancies at smaller prime numbers. In addition, the study demonstrates quantitative agreement with the recently proposed description of universal entanglement properties in the volume-law phase.
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Quantum Science & Technology
Alberto Biella et al.
Summary: This study reveals a sharp phase transition in a many-body system under competing unitary evolution and variable-strength measurements, as a result of the quantum Zeno effect reaching a threshold. Under weak measurements, the entanglement produced by unitary dynamics is protected and enhanced by monitoring, while above a certain threshold, the system is sharply brought into an uncorrelated Zeno state. This transition is invisible to the average dynamics but encoded in rare fluctuations of the stochastic measurement process.
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Physics, Multidisciplinary
Yimu Bao et al.
Summary: Quantum circuits composed of random unitary gates and subject to local measurements exhibit a phase transition from volume-law entanglement to area-law entanglement, controlled by the rate of measurement. By extending symmetry associated with the ensemble, new phases without equilibrium counterparts can be predicted. The enlarged symmetry allows for the emergence of novel quantum many-body states that were not supported by the physical circuit symmetry alone.
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Ali Lavasani et al.
Summary: Studying symmetric random quantum circuits reveals a rich phase diagram involving robust symmetry-protected topological, trivial, and volume law entangled phases, with transitions hidden to expectation values and only apparent through averaging entanglement entropy over quantum trajectories. Measurement-induced criticality and logarithmic entanglement scaling can be induced by measurements alone, and sparse unitary dynamics can stabilize volume law entangled phases in the presence of rapid, competing measurements.
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Quantum Science & Technology
Lukasz Fidkowski et al.
Summary: Recent research has shown that in hybrid dynamics of unitaries and measurements, a quantum error correcting code can be generated. The study explores the long-term behavior of such systems, showing that in a mixed phase, a maximally mixed initial density matrix purifies exponentially in system size. However, for free fermion systems, purification time scales quadratically with system size, unable to sustain a volume law phase for entanglement entropy.
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Physics, Multidisciplinary
Ali Lavasani et al.
Summary: Random quantum circuits can lead to rich entanglement phase diagrams that stabilize trivial area law and topologically ordered phases. Different measurements and unitaries in the circuits result in various critical points, stable phases, and anomalous behaviors in the phase diagram. The presence of a measurement-induced volume law entangled phase without unitary dynamics is also observed.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
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Shao-Kai Jian et al.
Summary: In this study, Brownian SYK chains subjected to continuous monitoring were constructed to explore entanglement phase transitions. It was found that the entanglement transition is caused by symmetry breaking in the enlarged replica space, with a continuous O(2) symmetry between replicas in the noninteracting case leading to spontaneous breaking upon varying the measurement rate. The results suggest that the emergent replica criticality associated with the Goldstone mode leads to log-scaling entanglement entropy in the symmetry broken phase at low measurement rate, while area-law scaling is observed in the symmetric phase at higher measurement rate.
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(2021)
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Summary: The dynamics of entanglement in hybrid nonunitary circuits involving both unitary gates and quantum measurements have been intensively studied. A proposed method utilizes spacetime duality to overcome the hurdle of postselection on random measurement outcomes in order to prepare output states, mapping the purification dynamics of mixed states onto particular correlation functions in associated unitary circuits. This operational protocol can be implemented on a digital quantum simulator and allows measurement of entanglement phases and subsystem purity.
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(2021)
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Matteo Ippoliti et al.
Summary: The article explores the entanglement phase transition that unitary circuits can undergo with repeated projective measurements. Surprisingly, it is found that entanglement phase transitions can occur even in the absence of scrambling unitary dynamics, being primarily driven by measurements. The main driving force behind these transitions is the frustration caused by the mutual incompatibility of the measurements.
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Chunxiao Liu et al.
Summary: In this study, a series of one-dimensional non-unitary dynamics based on the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model were constructed. The entanglement dynamics were analyzed, revealing two particularly interesting phenomena.
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M. Buchhold et al.
Summary: The study investigates the state updates of a wave function under time evolution and measurements, identifying a competition between different elements of dynamics. By constructing an n-replica Keldysh field theory, the decoupling of degrees of freedom is found to be exact for free theories, providing insights into the behavior of interacting theories.
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Michael J. Gullans et al.
Summary: Random quantum circuits with low depth and local connectivity are used to generate quantum error-correcting codes, with strong evidence that OologNTHORN depth circuits are necessary and sufficient for convergence to zero failure probability in any spatial dimension. The critical behavior of erasure threshold is studied in the moderate deviation limit, showing that the required depth scales like O(logN) for dimensions D >= 2 and O(root N) for D = 1. An expurgation algorithm is introduced to achieve codes with sublogarithmic depth in D >= 2 dimensions, indicating practical relevance for near-term quantum devices.
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Pengfei Zhang et al.
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O. Alberton et al.
Summary: This study analyzes the quantum trajectory dynamics of free fermions subject to continuous monitoring, revealing two distinct dynamical regimes for weak and strong monitoring, with the emergence of a quantum Zeno-like area-law regime under strong monitoring. The presence of logarithmic finite size corrections near the critical point suggests a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless mechanism underlying the transition, highlighting the unconventional entanglement transition in a physically realistic model for weak continuous measurements. The crucial role of the measurement aspect in determining whether a phase transition occurs is also demonstrated.
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Thibaud Maimbourg et al.
Summary: Our study shows that a strong coupling to a thermal bath can effectively localize spins due to the many-body quantum Zeno effect, even when the many-body eigenstates of the system are ergodic. This provides an explanation for the breakdown of the thermal mixing regime observed experimentally above 4-5 K in these protocols.
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(2021)
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Mathias Van Regemortel et al.
Summary: This article investigates the role of dissipation in quantum states and finds that different dissipation channels can affect the entanglement of quantum states. By analyzing stochastic quantum trajectories, a transition in the scaling of averaged trajectory entanglement entropies is discovered, which is significant for the establishment of quantum states.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
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Sarang Gopalakrishnan et al.
Summary: With increasing postselection strength, a quantum system can undergo a spectral phase transition of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, where one phase retains a mixed state and develops volume-law entanglement, while the other phase approaches a unique pure state with low entanglement from an arbitrary initial state. The transition is identified with an exceptional point in the spectrum of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, where PT symmetry is spontaneously broken, and is characterized using exact diagonalization and an approximate mean-field theory.
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(2021)
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Physics, Multidisciplinary
Davide Rossini et al.
Summary: This review discusses the many-body physics at quantum phase transitions, covering both equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium behaviors as well as effects of dissipative interactions. Different types of transitions exhibit distinct scaling behaviors, with the peculiar feature of extreme sensitivity to boundary conditions at first-order quantum transitions.
PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
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Stefanie Czischek et al.
Summary: This study explores novel physics in circuit models involving entangling unitary dynamics and disentangling measurements. Using tensor network simulations, it reveals a transition from volume-law to area-law in entanglement entropy, suggesting universal features of a measurement-induced phase transition. The research highlights the robustness of this transition against experimental noise and emphasizes the role of tensor network simulations in advancing critical phenomena.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
T. Botzung et al.
Summary: Recent theoretical work has explored the competition between coherent unitary dynamics and stochastic measurements in environments, leading to transitions in entanglement scaling. This study focuses on the reversal of the roles of Hamiltonian and dissipative dynamics, revealing an entanglement transition in quantum spin chains. The system undergoes a transition from logarithmic to area law entanglement growth as the competition ratio between unitary and nonunitary dynamics increases, and this transition is evidenced in state-dependent observables at a finite competition ratio. Additionally, the distribution of entanglement entropy is identified as an efficient indicator of the transition.
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Tsung-Cheng Lu et al.
Summary: This study explores the relationship between two types of systems by changing the spacetime rotation of a circuit, investigating the characteristics of entanglement scaling and phase transitions. By constructing nonunitary circuits, transitions in entanglement scaling were showcased, such as the transition from logarithmic scaling to volume-law scaling in a one-dimensional fermion circuit.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shao-Kai Jian et al.
Summary: We demonstrate a new mechanism for entanglement transitions in non-Hermitian systems with a critical point, showing that a class of PT symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians exhibit an entanglement transition in the long-time steady state evolved under the Hamiltonian. This transition is induced by a level crossing triggered by the critical point associated with the Yang-Lee singularity, resulting in a jump in the entanglement entropy of the steady state from volume-law to area-law scaling.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Oliver Lunt et al.
Summary: Entanglement transitions in quantum dynamics represent a novel class of phase transitions in nonequilibrium systems, with a correspondence to classical statistical mechanical models in certain limits. Despite arguments for deviations from the percolation universality class, numerics suggest that many bulk properties behave similarly to percolation, while some differences exist in surface behavior.
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Raimel Medina et al.
Summary: The study explores the possibility of entanglement transitions driven by physics beyond statistical mechanics mappings, focusing on whether variational Ansatze inspired by neural networks can capture such transitions. The research investigates the entanglement scaling of short-range restricted Boltzmann machine quantum states with random phases, revealing different regions of entanglement entropy scaling based on the decay exponent of correlations in real space. Numerical evidence for critical behavior at the transition between these regions is found, establishing the importance of long-range correlated phases in RBM-based wave functions for entanglement transitions.
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Yaodong Li et al.
Summary: We establish the emergence of a conformal field theory in a (1+1)-dimensional hybrid quantum circuit at the measurement-driven entanglement transition. By revealing the space-time conformal covariance of entanglement entropies and mutual information for various subregions at different circuit depths, we emphasize results that are consequences solely of the conformal invariance. Among these are the infinite entangling speed as a consequence of measurement-induced quantum nonlocality and the critical purification dynamics of a mixed initial state.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gregory S. Bentsen et al.
Summary: Competition between unitary dynamics and local measurements in quantum entanglement phase transition is studied using an analytically tractable circuit model. It is found that the measurement rate affects the entanglement preservation in the hybrid system. The second-order phase transition below a critical measurement rate is characterized by a mean-field-like behavior and described in terms of a simple Ising field theory in 0 + 1 dimensions. The study also relates the results to quantum error correction and discusses the experimental feasibility of simulating the averaged purity.
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Shengqi Sang et al.
Summary: We propose entanglement negativity as a fine-grained probe of measurement-induced criticality, and show that it can distinguish between bipartite and multipartite entanglement in stabilizer states. In a measurement-only stabilizer circuit, we find that the mutual information and mutual negativity are governed by boundary conformal fields of different scaling dimensions at long distances. By perturbing the measurement-only circuit with unitary gates of varying complexity, we observe that the mutual negativity has a scaling dimension of 3 across many hybrid circuits, which is different from percolation.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xhek Turkeshi et al.
Summary: We investigated measurement-induced phase transitions in the quantum Ising chain coupled to a monitoring environment. By comparing two different limits of the measurement problem, we found a remarkably similar phenomenology as the measurement strength is increased, leading to a sharp transition from a critical phase with logarithmic scaling of the entanglement to an area-law phase. An effective central charge extracted from the entanglement scaling vanishes continuously at the common transition point, suggesting possibly different universality classes for the two protocols. The central charge mismatch near the transition is interpreted in terms of noise-induced disentanglement, as supported by the emergence of bimodal entanglement statistics near the critical point. The non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and its associated subradiance spectral transition provide a natural framework to understand the extended critical phase and the transition of entanglement into the area law.
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Physics, Multidisciplinary
Shengqi Sang et al.
Summary: This study introduces a class of hybrid quantum circuits with long-range order in the steady state, capable of direct transitions between area-law entanglement phase and volume-law entanglement phase. It is found that entanglement transitions preserving a global symmetry are in universality classes different from those without symmetry. Generalizations of these hybrid circuits to higher dimensions are analyzed, allowing for coexistence of order and volume-law entanglement, as well as topological order without any symmetry restrictions.
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(2021)
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Ruihua Fan et al.
Summary: Random measurements induce a phase transition in an extended quantum system under chaotic dynamics, resistant to disentangling action when strength exceeds a threshold. The study quantifies notions by power-law decay of mutual information and logarithmic contribution to entanglement entropy. Utilizing an error-correction viewpoint, a bound on critical measurement strength is obtained as a function of qudit dimension, relevant for qubit transition estimates.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qicheng Tang et al.
Summary: The nonunitary dynamics of (2 + 1)-dimensional free fermions result in a critical steady state regardless of the strength of the nonunitary evolution. Numerical results show a logarithmic violation of the area law for entanglement entropy and decay of mutual information between distant regions as a power-law function. Additionally, the study demonstrates a dynamical exponent of z = 1 and the ability to capture the dynamics of the correlation function with a classical nonlinear master equation.
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Quantum Science & Technology
Adam Nahum et al.
Summary: This work explores theoretical approaches to measurement-induced phase transitions and entanglement transitions in random tensor networks. Results are presented for all-to-all quantum circuits and spatially local systems of any finite dimensionality, with comparisons made between theory and numerics. Field theories are proposed for different phase transitions, with a surprising difference observed between the measurement phase transition and other cases. Variants of the measurement problem with additional structure, such as free-fermion structure, are also discussed for future research directions.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yaodong Li et al.
Summary: In this study, stabilizer quantum error correcting codes generated under hybrid dynamics of local Clifford unitaries and local Pauli measurements in one dimension are investigated. A statistical mechanical description of the QECC in terms of entanglement domain walls is proposed, relying on a general formula relating error susceptibility to entanglement properties and a mapping between entanglement entropies and domain wall free energies of an underlying spin model. Numerical evidence supports the correspondences between the information-theoretic decoupling criterion and the geometric decoupling of domain walls, leading to the identification of the contiguous code distance and the protection of a finite code rate against local undetectable errors.
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Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Roopayan Ghosh et al.
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