Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron

Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly. In this Perspective, Pekkurnaz and Wang offer an integrative overview on how mitochondrial homeostasis and diversity in morphology, distribution, composition and function contribute to meeting specific cellular demands, with a special focus on neurons

Automated summary

Mitochondria are crucial organelles with distinct morphology and function. They exhibit heterogeneity within cells and divide into functionally distinct subpopulations. This heterogeneity is important for subcellular functions and is especially crucial for polarized cells like neurons. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis in neurons provides insights into their significance in other cell types.