4.4 Review

How does light facilitate vitamin C biosynthesis in leaves?

Journal

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Volume 86, Issue 9, Pages 1173-1182

Publisher

OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac096

Keywords

ascorbate biosynthesis; light; photosynthesis; oxidative stress; plants

Funding

  1. JSPS KAKENHI [18K19179, 20K21276]

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Plants store high concentrations of ascorbate, especially in their leaves, which acts as an excellent antioxidant and photoprotectant. The d-mannose/l-galactose pathway is responsible for ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, which is facilitated by light intensity and requires photosynthesis. The activation of the rate-limiting enzyme GGP by light and photosynthesis plays a critical role in regulating ascorbate pool size. Ascorbate itself also regulates its biosynthesis by repressing GGP translation in a dose-dependent manner.
Plants store ascorbate in high concentrations, particularly in their leaves. Ascorbate is an excellent antioxidant that acts as an indispensable photoprotectant. The d-mannose/l-galactose pathway is responsible for ascorbate biosynthesis in plants. Light facilitates ascorbate biosynthesis in a light intensity-dependent manner to enhance ascorbate pool size in leaves, and photosynthesis is required for this process. Light- and photosynthesis-dependent activation of the rate-limiting enzyme GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) plays a critical role in ascorbate pool size regulation. In addition, the tight regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis by ascorbate itself has been proposed. Ascorbate represses GGP translation in a dose-dependent manner through the upstream open reading frame in the 5 '-untranslated regions of the gene, which may compete with the light-dependent activation of ascorbate biosynthesis. This review focuses on ascorbate biosynthesis based on past and latest findings and critically discusses how light activates this process.

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