Journal
IEEE ACCESS
Volume 4, Issue -, Pages 2110-2122Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2556579
Keywords
Machine learning; reinforcement learning; adaptive algorithm; meta-learning; random processes; quantum mechanics; learning
Categories
Funding
- Austrian Science Fund through FoQuS Project Grant [F4012]
- Templeton World Charity Foundation [TWCF0078/AB46]
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Learning models of artificial intelligence can nowadays perform very well on a large variety of tasks. However, in practice, different task environments are best handled by different learning models, rather than a single universal approach. Most non-trivial models thus require the adjustment of several to many learning parameters, which is often done on a case-by-case basis by an external party. Meta-learning refers to the ability of an agent to autonomously and dynamically adjust its own learning parameters or meta-parameters. In this paper, we show how projective simulation, a recently developed model of artificial intelligence, can naturally be extended to account for meta-learning in reinforcement learning settings. The projective simulation approach is based on a random walk process over a network of clips. The suggested meta-learning scheme builds upon the same design and employs clip networks to monitor the agent's performance and to adjust its meta-parameters on the fly. We distinguish between reflex-type adaptation and adaptation through learning, and show the utility of both approaches. In addition, a trade-off between flexibility and learning-time is addressed. The extended model is examined on three different kinds of reinforcement learning tasks, in which the agent has different optimal values of the meta-parameters, and is shown to perform well, reaching near-optimal to optimal success rates in all of them, without ever needing to manually adjust any meta-parameter.
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