Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 6, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637
Keywords
obesity; adipose tissue; insulin resistance; macrophage; adipokines; macrophage polarization; adipose tissue inflammation
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Funding
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [11/15682-4, 12/02270-2, 14/10910-7, 15/18121-4]
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Renal Immunopathogy Laboratory CNPq/Inserm and Complex Fluids INCT)
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [15/18121-4, 11/15682-4, 14/10910-7] Funding Source: FAPESP
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Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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