Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 480-486Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0570-y
Keywords
MMT; Heroin use; Urine morphine test; Risk factors; Methadone maintenance treatment
Categories
Funding
- China Food and Drug Administration
- National Basic Research Program of China [2009CB522007]
- 12th Five-Year Program of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology [2012BAI01B07]
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To investigate factors associated with illicit opioid use among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) population. Participants were recruited from Beijing (2 clinics), Shanghai (2 clinics), Guangdong (2 clinics), Chongqing (2 clinics) and Gansu (1 clinic) provinces. Information about heroin use and MMT was obtained from a self-reported questionnaire, illicit opioid use was obtained from monthly medical records. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with illicit opioid use. Five hundred ninety-eight eligible MMT participants were used for data analysis. Variables such as age, gender, route of heroin use and daily MMT dosages were associated with illicit opioid use. Compared with MMT participants aged < 40 years, participants aged 40-44 years (P = 0.027, OR = 0.57, 95 % CI 0.35-0.94), 45-49 years (P < 0.001, OR = 0.41, 95 % CI 0.24-0.67) and aeyen50 years (P = 0.008, OR = 0.52, 95 % CI 0.33-0.85) were more likely not to have illicit opioid use. Compared with male participants, females were more likely to have illicit opioid use (P = 0.044, OR = 1.53, 95 % CI 1.01-2.32). Compared with inhalation heroin abusers, abusers with route of inhalation + injection heroin use were more likely to have illicit opioid use (P = 0.009, OR = 2.00, 95 % CI 1.19-3.36). Compared with daily MMT dosages < 60 mg participants, participants with daily MMT dosages > 80 mg were more likely to have illicit opioid use (P = 0.003, OR = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.35-4.15). Age, gender, route of heroin use and daily MMT dosages were associated with illicit opioid use. A tailored intervention is needed for a promotion of MMT.
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