Hidden hearing loss: current concepts

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to offer a concise summary of current knowledge regarding hidden hearing loss (HHL) and to describe the variety of mechanisms that contribute to its development. We will also discuss the various diagnostic tools that are available as well as future directions. Recent findings Hidden hearing loss often also called cochlear synaptopathy affects afferent synapses of the inner hair cells. This description is in contrast to traditional models of hearing loss, which predominantly affects auditory hair cells. In HHL, the synapses of nerve fibres with a slow spontaneous firing rate, which are crucial for locating sound in background noise, are severely impaired. In addition, recent research suggests that HHL may also be related to cochlear nerve demyelination. Noise exposure causes loss of myelin sheath thickness. Auditory brainstem response, envelope-following response and middle-ear muscle reflex are promising diagnostic tests, but they have yet to be validated in humans. Establishing diagnostic tools for cochlear synaptopathy in humans is important to better understand this patient population, predict the long-term outcomes and allow patients to take the necessary protective precautions.

Automated summary

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on hidden hearing loss (HHL) and its development mechanisms. It is characterized by impairment of afferent synapses of inner hair cells, particularly those with slow spontaneous firing rate. Recent research suggests that HHL may also be related to demyelination of cochlear nerve. Diagnostic tests such as auditory brainstem response, envelope-following response, and middle-ear muscle reflex show promise but still need validation in humans.