Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 1: Healthy Foals Born from Normal Pregnancy and Parturition

Simple Summary The end of pregnancy, the birth and the sudden need for the fetus to adapt to the extra-uterine environment make the perinatal period eventful in all species. Trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as thyroid hormones, take part in the processes associated with the final maturation of the fetus. Our aim is to evaluate the levels of trophic factors and thyroid hormones obtained at parturition from a population of healthy mares and foals and in the first 72 h of foal life, as well as the expression of trophic factors in fetal membranes. The levels of both trophic factors decreased over time in foal plasma and a positive correlation was found between their levels at each time point, but no correlation was found with the thyroid hormone levels. Vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in all fetal membranes, while nerve growth factor and its receptors were not expressed in the amnion. The close relationship between the two trophic factors in foal plasma over time and their fine expression in placental tissues appear to be key regulators of fetal development and adaptation to extra-uterine life. The importance of trophic factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during the perinatal period, is now emerging. Through their functional activities of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, they play a key role in the final maturation of the nervous and vascular systems. The present study aims to: (i) evaluate the NGF and VEGF levels obtained at parturition from the mare, foal and umbilical cord vein plasma, as well as in amniotic fluid; (ii) evaluate NGF and VEGF content in the plasma of healthy foals during the first 72 h of life (T0, T24 and T72); (iii) evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at parturition in relation to the selected mares' and foals' clinical parameters; (iv) evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and the thyroid hormone levels (TT3 and TT4) in the first 72 h of life; (v) assess mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and BDNF and their cell surface receptors in the placenta. Fourteen Standardbred healthy foals born from mares with normal pregnancies and parturitions were included in the study. The dosage of NGF and VEGF levels was performed using commercial ELISA kits, whereas NGF, VEGF and BDNF placental gene expression was performed using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. In foal plasma, both NGF and VEGF levels decreased significantly over time, from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0066 for NGF; p < 0.0001 for VEGF) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0179 for NGF; p = 0.0016 for VEGF). In foal serum, TT3 levels increased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0058) and from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0013), whereas TT4 levels decreased significantly over time from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0201) and from T0 to T72 (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found in the levels of NGF and VEGF in foal plasma at each time point (p = 0.0115; r = 0.2862). A positive correlation was found between NGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and lactate (p = 0.0359; r = 0.5634) as well as between VEGF levels in the foal plasma at T0 and creatine kinase (p = 0.0459; r = 0.5407). VEGF was expressed in all fetal membranes, whereas NGF and its receptors were not expressed in the amnion. The close relationship between the two trophic factors in foal plasma over time and their fine expression in placental tissues appear to be key regulators of fetal development and adaptation to extra-uterine life.

Automated summary

The end of pregnancy and the birth bring significant changes to the fetus, requiring adaptation to the extra-uterine environment. Trophic factors and thyroid hormones play important roles in the final maturation of the fetus. This study evaluates trophic factors and thyroid hormone levels in healthy mares and foals during parturition and the first 72 hours of life. The results demonstrate a decrease in trophic factors in foal plasma over time and a correlation between their levels. Trophic factors are expressed in placental tissues and are crucial for fetal development and adaptation to extra-uterine life.