Journal
JOURNAL OF XENOBIOTICS
Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages 236-265Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/jox12030018
Keywords
organophosphate pesticides; triazine pesticides; fish; accumulation; toxicity; adverse outcomes
Categories
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Ukraine [2020.02/0270]
- DAAD
- Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
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This review provides an overview of the spatial distribution, bioaccumulation, and mode of action of organophosphate and triazine pesticides. It also discusses the toxic mechanisms involved in fish, including oxidative stress, cell damage, and immunotoxicity.
Pesticides are well known for their high levels of persistence and ubiquity in the environment, and because of their capacity to bioaccumulate and disrupt the food chain, they pose a risk to animals and humans. With a focus on organophosphate and triazine pesticides, the present review aims to describe the current state of knowledge regarding spatial distribution, bioaccumulation, and mode of action of frequently used pesticides. We discuss the processes by which pesticides and their active residues are accumulated and bioconcentrated in fish, as well as the toxic mechanisms involved, including biological redox activity, immunotoxicity, neuroendocrine disorders, and cytotoxicity, which is manifested in oxidative stress, lysosomal and mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and apoptosis/autophagy. We also explore potential research strategies to close the gaps in our understanding of the toxicity and environmental risk assessment of organophosphate and triazine pesticides.
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