Anion gap predicts the long-term neurological and cognitive outcomes of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether anion gap (AG) can act as a potentially predictive biomarker in recoveries of neurological and cognitive functions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 89 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were recruited. Of these, 68 and 21 patients were categorized into screening cohort and validation cohort, respectively. In the screening cohort, patients were categorized into three groups, according to the serum AG levels at admission. We dynamically recorded AG levels. Neurological and cognitive functions were assessed using Glasgow coma scale (GCS). Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale at different time points. Furthermore, in the validation cohort. 9 patients with increased AG level underwent interventions to rectify the electrolyte imbalance. RESULTS: In the screening cohort, statistical differences were observed for respiratory diseases (p=0.029) among the three groups. The number of patients in the >= 16 mmol/L group (59.3%) was higher than that in the other groups. The mean scores of GCS in the >= 16 mmol/L group were lower than those in the other groups. The AG levels at admission had significant associations with 180-day GOS (p=0.043) and 180-day MMSE (p=0.001). Among them, the mean scores of the 180-day GOS and 180-day MMSE were lower in the >= 16 mmol/L group than in the other groups. In the validation cohort, AG intervention promoted recoveries of neurological and cognitive functions when compared to those without AG interventions. CONCLUSIONS: AG is a potentially predictive biomarker for the long-term outcomes of ICH patients, and rectifying AG at admission improves the outcomes.

Automated summary

This study investigated whether anion gap (AG) can be used as a potential predictive biomarker for the recovery of neurological and cognitive functions in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The study found that AG levels measured at admission were significantly associated with the 180-day outcomes of the patients. Additionally, interventions to rectify AG levels promoted the recovery of neurological and cognitive functions.