Early dark sector, the Hubble tension, and the swampland

We consider the interplay of the early dark energy (EDE) model, the swampland distance conjecture (SDC), and cosmological parameter tensions. EDE is a proposed resolution of the Hubble tension relying upon a near-Planckian scalar field excursion, while the SDC predicts an exponential sensitivity of masses of other fields to such an excursion, m proportional to e-cl degrees phi l/Mpl with c similar to O(1). Meanwhile, EDE is in tension with large-scale structure (LSS) data, due to shifts in the standard A cold dark matter parameters necessary to fit the cosmic microwave background. One might hope that a proper treatment of the model, e.g., accounting for the SDC, may ameliorate the tension with LSSs. Motivated by these considerations, we introduce the early dark sector (EDS) model, wherein the mass of dark matter is exponentially sensitive to super-Planckian field excursions of the EDE scalar. The EDS model exhibits new phenomenology in both the early and late Universe, the latter due to an EDE-mediated dark matter self-interaction, which manifests as an enhanced gravitational constant on small scales. This EDE-induced dark-matter-philic fifth force, while con-strained to be small, remains active in the late Universe and is not screened in virialized halos. We find that the new interaction with dark matter partially resolves the LSS tension. However, the marginalized posteriors are nonetheless consistent with fEDE = 0 at 95% CL once the Dark Energy Survey year 3 measurement of S8 is included. We additionally study constraints on the model from Atacama Cosmology Telescope data and find a factor of 2 improvement on the error bar on the SDC parameter c, along with an increased preference for the EDE component. We discuss the implications of these constraints for the SDC and find the tightest observational constraints to date on a swampland parameter, suggesting that an EDE description of cosmological data is in tension with the SDC.

Automated summary

This article examines the relationship between the early dark energy model, the swampland distance conjecture, and cosmological parameters. A new version of the early dark energy model, called the early dark sector model, is proposed to address tensions with large-scale structure data. The model exhibits new phenomena in both the early and late Universe and partially resolves the tension. However, constraints on the model's parameters are still present. Additional constraints from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope data suggest a conflict with the swampland distance conjecture.