Long-Term Noninvasive Ventilation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Association between Clinical Phenotypes and Survival

Background: Long-term noninvasive ventilation (LTNIV) is widely used in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (CHRF) related to COPD. Prognosis of these patients is however poor and heterogenous. Research Question: In COPD patients under LTNIV for CHRF, is it possible to identify specific phenotypes which are predictive of probability of pursuing NIV and survival? Study Design and Methods: A latent class analysis was performed in a COPD population under LTNIV included in a comprehensive database of patients in the Geneva Lake area, to determine clinically relevant phenotypes. The observation period of this subgroup of COPD was extended to allow assessment of survival and/or pursuit of NIV for at least 2 years after inclusion. A logistic regression was conducted to generate an equation accurately attributing an individual patient to a defined phenotype. The identified phenotypes were compared on a series of relevant variables, as well as for probability of pursuing NIV or survival. A competitive risk analysis allowed to distinguish death from other causes of cessation of NIV. Results: Two phenotypes were identified: a respiratory COPD profile with very severe airway obstruction, a low or normal body mass index, and a low prevalence of comorbidities and a systemic COPD profile of obese COPDs with moderate airway obstruction and a high rate of cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities. The logistic regression correctly classified 95.7% of patients studied. Probability of pursuing NIV and survival were significantly related to these phenotypes, with a poorer prognosis for respiratory COPD. Probability of death 5 years after implementing NIV was 22.3% (95% CI: 15.4-32.2) for systemic COPD versus 47.2% (37.4-59.6) for respiratory COPD (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The two distinct phenotypes of COPD under LTNIV for CHRF identified appear to be strongly related to prognosis and require further validation in other cohort studies.

Automated summary

This study investigated the prognosis-related phenotypes of COPD patients under LTNIV. Two phenotypes, respiratory COPD and systemic COPD, were identified through latent class analysis. The results showed a significant association between these phenotypes and the duration of NIV and survival.