New perspectives on ferroptosis and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma

For a long time, the morbidity and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have remained high. Since the concept of ferroptosis was introduced in 2012, researchers' perspectives have shifted toward finding novel ferroptosis-related treatment strategies, especially for tumors that are resistant to apoptosis. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on ferroptosis, and these studies have found that ferroptosis has great potential and promise for cancer treatment. Ferroptosis is a kind of regulated cell death (RCD); unlike apoptosis, ferroptosis is an iron-dependent type of RCD driven by lipid peroxidation. The whole process of ferroptosis mainly revolves around three pathways (system x(c)(-)/ glutathione peroxidase 4 [GPX4]), lipid peroxidation, and iron metabolism), which are also regulated by various metabolic factors. This review will attempt to analyze the relationship between the system x(c)(-)/GPX4 pathway, lipid peroxidation, iron metabolism, and ferroptosis from three aspects (triggering, execution, and regulation), and the regulatory factors for ferroptosis will be summarized. In this review, we will also illustrate the relationship between ferroptosis and tumors as well as its application in tumors from the perspective of HCC. Finally, we will summarize the current limitations and needs and provide perspectives related to the focus of development in the future.

Automated summary

Ferroptosis is a promising cancer treatment method that is regulated through three pathways (system x(c)(-)/GPX4 pathway, lipid peroxidation, and iron metabolism). This review analyzes the triggering, execution, and regulation of ferroptosis, summarizes the regulatory factors, and illustrates its application in HCC.