Benthic primary production and mineralization in a High Arctic fjord: in situ assessments by aquatic eddy covariance

Coastal and shelf systems likely exert major influence on Arctic Ocean functioning, yet key ecosystem processes remain poorly quantified. We employed the aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) oxygen (O-2) flux method to estimate benthic primary production and mineralization in a High Arctic Greenland fjord. Seabed gross primary production (GPP) within the 40 m deep photic zone was highest at 10 m (29 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1)) and decreased to 5 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1) at 40 m, while nighttime community respiration (CR) ranged from 11 to 25 mmol O-2 m(-2) d-1. CR decreased to similar to 2.5 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1) at 80 m and remained constant with further depth. Fauna activity accounted for similar to 50% of the CR at depths <= 60 m but was < 15% at depths >= 80 m. Benthic GPP and CR were comparable when scaled to the outer fjord area <= 40 m depth (2.7 and 3.1 t C d(-1)), and here the seabed was twice as important as the pelagic compartment for primary production. However, when scaled to the entire outer fjord area of which 80% is > 40 m, benthic GPP was 26% of the pelagic production. CR was 2-fold higher than GPP over this region (5.7 t C d(-1)) and thus net heterotrophic. By scaling AEC-derived Arctic benthic GPP to the entire Arctic Ocean using modelled seabed light data, we estimate an annual Arctic Ocean benthic GPP of 11.5 x 10(7) t C yr(-1). On average, this value represents 26% of the Arctic Ocean annual net phytoplankton production estimates. This scarcely considered component is thus potentially important for contemporary and future Arctic ecosystem functioning.