Variability of bioturbation in various sediment types and on different spatial scales in the southwestern Baltic Sea

Variability of bioturbation on different spatial scales was revealed through a survey at 6 stations in the southwestern Baltic Sea with different sediment types, salinities and macro-zoobenthic communities. At each station, 6 sampling locations were investigated with 4 cores each (24 cores per station). The cores were analyzed for vertical chlorophyll (chl) profiles, which were modeled with both a local (tracer distribution decreasing exponentially with depth indicative of diffusive transport, D-B) and a non-local (presence of subsurface maximum of the tracer, injection flux J and ingestion rate r) mixing model developed by Soetaert et al. (1996; J Mar Res 54: 1207-1227). Degradation of chl was determined experimentally by an incubation of fresh sediment under anoxic, dark conditions and provided decay constants k(D) of 0.01 d(-1) for mud and 0.02 d(-1) for sand. Mixing depths reach 7.1 +/- 1.6 cm at stations in the west (except Lubk Bay, LB), 2 cm deeper than at stations in the east, which reach 5.2 +/- 1.7 cm (in cluding LB), mainly depending on the macrozoobenthic community present. Bioturbation intensities indicate high variability between closely located sampling sites as well as across the southern Baltic Sea, and depend on the food supply from the water column. Stations indicate a difference in local mixing (D-B) of a factor of 20 and in non-local processes (J) of 6. Non-local transports account for 33 to 50% of the investigated area in the west and for 70 to 100% in the east. The statistical description of the results indicates the necessity of high sampling effort when using chl as a particle tracer.