Journal
JAMA PEDIATRICS
Volume 170, Issue 11, Pages 1071-1078Publisher
AMER MEDICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1532
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01HL085757]
- NIH [P50DK096418, K24DK090203, U01DK082185]
- Western University's Dr Adam Linton Chair in Kidney Health Analytics
- O'Brien Center [P30 DK079310-07]
- [T32DK007276-35]
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IMPORTANCE Acute kidney injury (AKI) after pediatric cardiac surgery is associated with high short-term morbidity and mortality; however, the long-term kidney outcomes are unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess long-term kidney outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery and to determine if perioperative AKI is associated with worse long-term kidney outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective multicenter cohort study recruited children between ages 1 month to 18 years who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery and survived hospitalization from 3 North American pediatric centers between July 2007 and December 2009. Children were followed up with telephone calls and an in-person visit at 5 years after their surgery. EXPOSURES Acute kidney injury defined as a postoperative serum creatinine rise from preoperative baseline by 50% or 0.3mg/dL or more during hospitalization for cardiac surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hypertension (blood pressure >= 95th percentile for height, age, sex, or self-reported hypertension), microalbuminuria (urine albumin to creatinine ratio >30mg/g), and chronic kidney disease (serum creatinine estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <90 mL/min/1.73m(2) or microalbuminuria). RESULTS Overall, 131 children (median [interquartile range] age, 7.7 [5.9-9.9] years) participated in the 5-year in-person follow-up visit; 68 children (52%) were male. Fifty-seven of 131 children (44%) had postoperative AKI. At follow-up, 22 children (17%) had hypertension (10 times higher than the published general pediatric population prevalence), while 9 (8%), 13 (13%), and 1 (1%) had microalbuminuria, an eGFR less than 90 mL/min/1.73m2, and an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73m(2), respectively. Twenty-one children (18%) had chronic kidney disease. Only 5 children (4%) had been seen by a nephrologist during follow-up. There was no significant difference in renal outcomes between children with and without postoperative AKI. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease and hypertension are common 5 years after pediatric cardiac surgery. Perioperative AKI is not associated with these complications. Longer follow-up is needed to ascertain resolution or worsening of chronic kidney disease and hypertension.
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