Reinterpretation of Thermodynamics Consisting of Mass-Based Energy and Non-Mass-Based Energy

Energy can be broadly classified into mass-based and non-mass-based. Therefore, thermodynamics is too broad and universal to interpret the complex phenomena within only matter. Here, we suggest that (1) the cur-rent mixed concept of energy and work can actually be expressed as the actions of non-masses and the actions of masses, respectively, and (2) the definition of total energy must be revised based on the product of tem-perature and entropy. These findings, i.e., that space contains energy and the current concept of temperature actually corresponds to space density, are validated by a reinterpretation of thermodynamics.

Automated summary

This study proposes a new classification of energy, suggesting that it can be broadly classified into mass-based and non-mass-based categories. It also recommends revising the definition of total energy based on the product of temperature and entropy. The findings validate the concept of energy in space and indicate that the current concept of temperature corresponds to spatial density.