Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
Volume 4, Issue 48, Pages 18899-18909Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c6ta08900c
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Funding
- German Federal Ministry for Research and Education (BMBF) [03EK3013]
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the project AktivCAPs [02E2-ESP077]
- German Research Council (DFG)
- Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI)
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A novel, two step synthesis is presented combining the formation of carbide-derived carbon (CDC) and redox-active vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) in a core-shell manner using solely vanadium carbide (VC) as the precursor. In a first step, the outer part of VC particles is transformed to nanoporous CDC owing to the in situ formation of chlorine gas from NiCl2 at 700 degrees C. In a second step, the remaining VC core is calcined in synthetic air to obtain V2O5/CDC core-shell particles. Materials characterization by means of electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction clearly demonstrates the partial transformation from VC to CDC, as well as the successive oxidation to V2O5/CDC core-shell particles. Electrochemical performance was tested in organic 1 M LiClO4 in acetonitrile using half-and asymmetric full-cell configuration. High specific capacities of 420 mA h g(-1) (normalized to V2O5) and 310 mA h g(-1) (normalized to V2O5/CDC) were achieved. The unique nanotextured core-shell architecture enables high power retention with ultrafast charging and discharging, achieving more than 100 mA h g(-1) at 5 A g(-1) (rate of 12C). Asymmetric cell design with CDC on the positive polarization side leads to a high specific energy of up to 80 W h kg(-1) with a superior retention of more than 80% over 10 000 cycles and an overall energy efficiency of up to 80% at low rates.
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