Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
Volume 4, Issue 19, Pages 7207-7213Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c6ta01274d
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Funding
- UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) [1.150034.01]
- Energy Efficiency & Resources Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) from Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea [20142020104190]
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The effective use of electricity from renewable sources requires large-scale stationary electrical energy storage (EES) systems with rechargeable high-energy-density, low-cost batteries. We report a rechargeable saltwater battery using NaCl (aq.) as the energy source (catholyte). The battery is operated by evolution/reduction reactions of gases (mostly O-2, with possible Cl-2) in saltwater at the cathode, along with reduction/oxidation reactions of Na/Na+ at the anode. The use of saltwater and the Na-metal-free anode enables high safety and low cost, as well as control of cell voltage and energy density by changing the salt concentration. The battery with a hard carbon anode and 5 M saltwater demonstrated excellent cycling stability with a high discharge capacity of 296 mA h g(hard carbon)(-1) and a coulombic efficiency of 98% over 50 cycles. Compared with other battery types, it offers greatly reduced energy cost and relatively low power cost when used in EES systems.
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