Related references
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Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Marek Lewicki et al.
Summary: The study of the properties of the bubble wall of a cosmological first order phase transition is crucial for predicting the baryon asymmetry of the universe and the gravitational wave spectrum. A simple analytical approximation for the wall velocity has been provided in the study and it is found that signals generated by weak transitions are generally too weak to be observed in future gravitational wave experiments. Signals visible in future experiments are likely to come from strong transitions described by detonations with highly relativistic wall velocities.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Andreas Ekstedt
Summary: This paper discusses the consistent incorporation of higher-order corrections to the bubble-nucleation rate at finite temperature and examines different approaches to reduce uncertainties in gravitational-wave calculations. The applicability and accuracy of the derivative expansion are discussed and compared to a numerical implementation of the Gelfand-Yaglom theorem. First-order phase transition models are used to apply both methods and the results are presented in parametrizations for easy use in gravitational-wave calculations. Higher-order corrections for models with multiple scalar fields are also studied. The paper concludes that current calculations for the Standard Model with a tree-level barrier are inaccurate.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
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Glauber C. Dorsch et al.
Summary: This paper revisits the computation of bubble wall friction during a cosmological first-order phase transition and solves the linearized Boltzmann equation using an extended fluid ansatz. A singularity is discovered in the fluctuations of background species as the wall approaches the speed of sound. By using hydrodynamics, it is argued that a discontinuity across the speed of sound is expected and manifests itself as the singularity in the solution of the linearized system. This result is discussed in comparison with alternative approaches, which find a regular behavior of the friction for all velocities.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Alberto Roper Pol et al.
Summary: We conducted numerical simulations to study the production and circular polarization degree of gravitational waves (GWs) in decaying primordial hydromagnetic turbulence. Our results show that the polarization of GWs strongly depends on the fractional helicity of the turbulent source. The presence or absence of initial magnetic fields also affects the spectral shape and amplitude of the GWs.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Yann Gouttenoire et al.
Summary: During a first-order cosmological phase transition, particles in the plasma emit gauge bosons while crossing the bubble walls. By resumming and numerically simulating the emissions, we find that the emitted bosons are predominantly soft and result in a linear retarding pressure on the relativistic bubble walls, depending on the Lorentz boost and the order parameter.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Stefania De Curtis et al.
Summary: First-order phase transitions have significant implications in the early universe, including the generation of gravitational waves and baryon asymmetry. This study presents the full solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation for the top quark species coupled to the Higgs field during a first-order electroweak phase transition, revealing notable differences from traditional fluid approximation methods.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Andreas Ekstedt
Summary: This paper extends classical results by Langer and Kramers and combines them with modern methods from high-temperature field theory. It presents an all-orders description of bubble-nucleation at high temperatures assuming Langevin dynamics. The derivation not only clarifies and incorporates higher-order corrections from zero-modes, but also shows that the nucleation rate is real to all orders in perturbation theory. The methods are applicable to both field theory and finite-dimensional systems.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Joonas Hirvonen et al.
Summary: This article presents a gauge-invariant framework for computing bubble nucleation rates at finite temperature in the presence of radiative barriers. The approach is illustrated using the Abelian Higgs Model and is subsequently recast in the dimensionally-reduced high-temperature effective field theory. This approach allows for robust perturbative treatments of bubble nucleation during possible first-order cosmic phase transitions and provides a sound comparison between perturbative and non-perturbative computations.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Yago Bea et al.
Summary: Cosmological phase transitions can be described by the formation, expansion, and collision of bubbles, which determine the properties of resulting gravitational waves. This study extends previous holographic research on planar bubbles to cylindrical bubbles in a strongly-coupled, non-Abelian, four-dimensional gauge theory. The existence of a critical bubble is determined, and the bubble profile exhibits a richer self-similar structure at late times. The new 3+1 evolution code called Jecco, written in Julia programming language, is utilized to solve the Einstein equations in asymptotically AdS spaces and is presented with an outline and performance tests for its robustness.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2022)
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Jani Dahl et al.
Summary: This study investigates decaying acoustic turbulence and finds a self-similar broken power law in its energy spectrum. The results provide a more accurate prediction of the gravitational wave power spectrum for early universe phase transition scenarios.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Alberto Roper Pol et al.
Summary: The NANOGrav, Parkes, European, and International Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) Collaborations have reported evidence for a common-spectrum process that can potentially correspond to a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the 1-100 nHz frequency range. They performed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to study the dynamical evolution of the magnetic field and compute the resulting SGWB. By comparing the SGWB signal with the PTA data, they constrained the temperature scale, amplitude, and characteristic scale of the initial magnetic field, and showed that the turbulent decay of this magnetic field can alleviate the Hubble tension.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Feanor Reuben Ares et al.
Summary: In this paper, we discuss the computation of the quantum effective action for strongly interacting field theories using holographic duality, and its application in determining the quasiequilibrium parameters of first-order phase transitions relevant for gravitational wave production. We introduce a simple holographic model that includes only the metric and a free massive scalar field. Despite its simplicity, the model exhibits a rich phase diagram with first-order phase transitions at nonzero temperature due to various multitrace deformations. By studying homogeneous black brane solutions and linearized perturbations, we obtain the leading terms in the effective action. We then use the effective action to construct bubble and domain wall solutions in the field theory and investigate their properties, particularly how the scaling of the effective action with the effective number of degrees of freedom determines the scaling of gravitational wave parameters.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Ryusuke Jinno et al.
Summary: The study shows that density perturbations in the early Universe affect the distribution of nucleated bubbles during first-order phase transitions, with large-scale fluctuations resulting in an enhanced gravitational wave amplitude. This enhancement is significant for phase transitions with relatively large parameters, even with moderate fluctuations.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Felix Giese et al.
Summary: This study examines the potential of LISA to detect features of gravitational wave spectra from cosmological first-order phase transitions, focusing on double-broken power law spectra. Analysis using mock data indicates challenges in observing two break frequencies from the electroweak phase transition due to frequency shift caused by strong phase transitions. The research reveals differences between signals from the sound shell model and simulations.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Chloe Gowling et al.
Summary: This study investigates LISA's sensitivity to the thermodynamic parameters encoded in the stochastic background produced by a phase transition using the sound shell model to characterize the gravitational wave power spectrum and the Fisher matrix to estimate uncertainties. The power spectrum in the sound shell model can be well approximated by a four-parameter double broken power law, and the peak power and frequency can be measured to approximately 10% accuracy for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) above 20. The phase boundary speed is found to be the best constrained parameter, with potential for good prospects in combinations of parameters.
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(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Aleksandr Azatov et al.
Summary: This study examines the dynamics of relativistic bubble expansion during a first order phase transition, focusing on ultra relativistic velocities gamma >> 1. It demonstrates that fields heavier than the phase transition scale can have a significant impact on friction and alter the motion of the bubble wall, leading to interesting phenomenological outcomes. Additionally, the effects of NLO on friction caused by soft vector field emission are also reviewed.
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(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Stefan Hoche et al.
Summary: In this study, we analyzed the expansion of Higgs condensate bubbles during a first-order electroweak phase transition in the early Universe. The interaction of particles with the bubble wall may involve the emission of multiple soft gauge bosons. Resummation to all orders is necessary when the wall velocity is large, and we performed this resummation analytically and numerically at leading logarithmic accuracy. Both approaches agreed to a 10% level, and for fast-moving walls, we found a scaling of the thermal pressure exerted against the wall.
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Aleksandr Azatov et al.
Summary: We proposed a novel mechanism for generating baryon asymmetry during a strong first order phase transition. By studying the ultra-relativistic propagation of bubble walls, we showed that states much heavier than the transition scale can be produced, leading to out-of-equilibrium effects with potential implications for baryogenesis. Models based on this mechanism were discussed, highlighting stochastic gravitational wave signals as generic signatures.
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(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Axel Brandenburg et al.
Summary: We studied the gravitational wave signal generated by primordial turbulence assumed to be present at cosmological phase transitions, such as the electroweak and quantum chromodynamics phase transitions. Our ultimate goal was to determine the efficiency of gravitational wave production through different classes of turbulence. We found that the gravitational wave energy and strain tend to be large for acoustic or irrotational turbulence, with the spectral tensor mode significant only at very small wave numbers.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
(2021)
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Ryusuke Jinno et al.
Summary: The LISA telescope will provide the opportunity to explore a first-order phase transition near the electroweak scale. Current estimates of the gravitational wave spectrum are based on numerical simulations or analytical approximations. This work presents a novel method to calculate the GW spectra from sound waves, which does not require resolving the scale of bubble wall thickness, making the simulations more economical.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Djuna Croon et al.
Summary: This study critically examines the magnitude of theoretical uncertainties in perturbative calculations of fist-order phase transitions. It finds that using a more sophisticated perturbative approach with dimensional reduction drastically reduces the scale dependence and resolves other problems with daisy resummation.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2021)
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Feanor Reuben Ares et al.
Summary: Investigating first order phase transitions in a holographic setting, we explore the parameter space and physical quantities, finding a strong correlation between alpha and stiffness. We propose the potential observation of a TeV-scale hidden sector at future space-based detectors using a corrected gravitational wave power spectrum model.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Glauber C. Dorsch et al.
Summary: This study re-evaluates the status of supersonic electroweak baryogenesis using a generalized fluid Ansatz for non-equilibrium distribution functions. By allowing for higher order terms and pointing out inconsistencies in standard treatments of transport, it suggests that baryogenesis may be possible even in the presence of supersonic wall velocities. The analysis supports recent findings and presents the first analysis of baryogenesis using the fluid approximation to higher orders.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Ariel Zhitnitsky
Summary: The paper reviews a novel axion quark nugget model that explains the similarity between dark and visible matter as a result of the same QCD transition, with a focus on a new understanding of baryogenesis. Additionally, specific applications are discussed, including explaining the solar corona mystery and events observed under thunderstorms.
MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS A
(2021)
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Physics, Multidisciplinary
Tanmay Vachaspati
Summary: Magnetic fields play a significant role in the evolution and formation of the universe, potentially generated with significant energy density in the early universe. The generation of magnetic helicity is related to the breaking of symmetry in fundamental particle interactions and requires new CP violating interactions for production.
REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Oliver Gould et al.
Summary: This study revisits the perturbative expansion at high temperature and investigates the convergence by examining the renormalisation scale dependence of the effective potential. The renormalisation group improved effective potential is scale independent at zero temperature but breaks down at high temperature due to misalignment of loop and coupling expansions. Recovering renormalisation scale independence at high temperature requires computations at two-loop order and helps resolve theoretical uncertainties in the gravitational wave signal of first-order phase transitions, although uncertainties remain from the computation of the bubble nucleation rate.
JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
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Iason Baldes et al.
Summary: This translation presents a novel mechanism for baryogenesis where heavy particles are the source of the asymmetry during a strong phase transition. The particles decay in a CP-violating way inside bubbles, meeting the necessary conditions for baryogenesis. The mechanism relies on moderate supercooling and relativistic walls for successful operation.
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yago Bea et al.
Summary: Cosmological phase transitions occur via the nucleation, expansion, and collision of bubbles, with the resulting gravitational wave spectrum depending on the bubbles' wall velocity. Using holography, the wall velocity in a strongly coupled, non-Abelian, four-dimensional gauge theory is calculated from first principles. The dynamic determination of the wall velocity in relation to the nucleation temperature is verified, with ideal hydrodynamics providing an accurate description of the system except near the wall.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Oliver Gould et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the effects of bubble wall thickness and speed on the gravitational wave emission spectrum of collisions between two vacuum bubbles. The high-frequency slope of the gravitational wave spectrum is found to be dependent on the thickness of the bubble wall, with a steeper slope for thick-wall bubbles. The study also explores dynamic phenomena that may underlie the observed differences in the gravitational wave spectra.
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Oliver Gould et al.
Summary: By identifying the length scales on which nucleation takes place and constructing an effective description for these scales, this study resolves the problems of the standard vacuum bounce formalism when applied to thermal bubble nucleation. Additionally, by utilizing high temperature dimensional reduction and making a connection to classical nucleation theory, a clear physical picture of thermal bubble nucleation is provided, along with a computational framework that can be pushed to higher accuracy. The method is demonstrated for three qualitatively different quantum field theories.
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Physics, Particles & Fields
Marek Lewicki et al.
Summary: Quasi-conformal models provide an appealing scenario with a strong supercooled phase transition and thermal inflation in the early Universe. The study suggests that thermal inflation phase may end by nucleation and percolation of true vacuum bubbles, or by the growth of quantum fluctuations of the scalar field. Gravitational waves offer an observable signal from thermal inflation across almost the entire parameter space of interest, and their spectrum shape can reveal how the Universe escaped from supercooling.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
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