Journal
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 253-288Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1950521
Keywords
Electrochemical sensor; heavy metal detection; modified electrode; nanomaterials
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This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of disposable electrodes modified with nanomaterials for electrochemical heavy metal detection. The applications of carbon-based, glass-based, and paper-based electrodes, as well as the analytical performance, fabrication technique, and integration design of electrodes modified with metal, carbon, and metal oxide nanomaterials are discussed.
Heavy metal pollution has gained global attention due to its high toxicity and non-biodegradability, even at a low level of exposure. Therefore, the development of a disposable electrode that is sensitive, simple, portable, rapid, and cost-effective as the sensor platform in electrochemical heavy metal detection is vital. Disposable electrodes have been modified with nanomaterials so that excellent electrochemical properties can be obtained. This review highlights the recent progress in the development of numerous types of disposable electrodes modified with nanomaterials for electrochemical heavy metal detection. The disposable electrodes made from carbon-based, glass-based, and paper-based electrodes are reviewed. In particular, the analytical performance, fabrication technique, and integration design of disposable electrodes modified with metal (such as gold, tin and bismuth), carbon (such as carbon nanotube and graphene), and metal oxide (such as iron oxide and zinc oxide) nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, the role of the nanomaterials in improving the electrochemical performance of the modified disposable electrodes is discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospect of the disposable electrode modified with nanomaterials are summarized.
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