Quantifying calcium changes in the fetal spine using quantitative susceptibility mapping as extracted from STAGE imaging

Objectives To evaluate calcium deposition in the fetal spine in vivo during the second and third trimesters using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Methods Fifty-four pregnant women in their second and third trimesters underwent a 2D multi-echo STrategically Acquired Gradient Echo (STAGE) MR imaging protocol at 3T covering the fetal spine. The first echo data was used for QSM processing. A linear regression model was used to assess the correlation between magnetic susceptibility and gestational age (GA). A paired sample t-test was used to compare the consistency of QSM measurements from each sequence. Results The magnetic susceptibility of the fetal spine decreased linearly with advancing GA, with a slope of -52.3 parts per billion (ppb)/week and a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.83 (p < 0.001). In 37 subjects for whom the STAGE local QSM data were available from both flip angles, the average magnetic susceptibility values were -1111 +/- 278 ppb and -1081 +/- 262 ppb for FA = 8 degrees and FA = 40 degrees, respectively. These means were not statistically different according to a paired sample t-test (p = 0.156). Conclusions QSM is a reliable technique for evaluating calcium deposition and bone mineral density of fetal vertebrae. Our results demonstrate an increase in fetal calcium levels as a function of GA. These measures might be able to provide reference values for calcium content in the fetal spine during the second and third trimesters.

Automated summary

This study used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to evaluate calcium deposition in the fetal spine. The results showed that the magnetic susceptibility of the fetal spine decreased linearly as gestational age advanced. QSM is a reliable technique for evaluating calcium deposition and bone mineral density in the fetal spine.