Journal
BIO-DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING
Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 51-73Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00212-4
Keywords
3D printing; Angiogenesis; Bone regeneration; Tissue engineering; Biomimetic scaffolds
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has the potential to address the challenges of large bone defect regeneration by facilitating satisfactory revascularization. This review summarizes different designs related to angiogenesis in 3D-printed scaffolds, and proposes structural design suggestions to achieve rapid blood vessel formation.
Large bone defect regeneration has always been recognized as a challenging clinical problem due to the difficulty of revascularization. Conventional treatments exhibit certain inherent disadvantages (e.g., secondary injury, immunization, and potential infections). However, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology as an emerging field can serve as an effective approach to achieve satisfactory revascularization while making up for the above limitations. A wide variety of methods can be used to facilitate blood supply during the design of a 3D-printed scaffold. Importantly, the scaffold structure lays a foundation for the entire printing object; any method to promote angiogenesis can be effective only if it is based on well-designed scaffolds. In this review, different designs related to angiogenesis are summarized by collecting the literature from recent years. The 3D-printed scaffolds are classified into four major categories and discussed in detail, from elementary porous scaffolds to the most advanced bone-like scaffolds. Finally, structural design suggestions to achieve rapid angiogenesis are proposed by analyzing the above architectures. This review can provide a reference for organizations or individual academics to achieve improved bone defect repair and regeneration using 3D printing. [GRAPHICS] .
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