The impact of ageing, physical activity, and pre-frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and intramyocellular lipids in men

Background The exact impact of ageing on skeletal muscle phenotype and mitochondrial and lipid content remains controversial, probably because physical activity, which greatly influences muscle physiology, is rarely accounted for. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of ageing, physical activity, and pre-frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, and mitochondrial and intramyocellular lipid content in men. Methods Recreationally active young adult (20-30yo; YA); active (ACT) and sedentary (SED) middle-age (50-65yo; MA-ACT and MA-SED); and older (65+yo; 65+ACT and 65+SED) and pre-frail older (65+PF) men were recruited. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected to assess, on muscle cross sections, muscle phenotype (using myosin heavy chain isoforms immunolabelling), the fibre type-specific content of mitochondria (by quantifying the succinate dehydrogenase stain intensity), and the fibre type-specific lipid content (by quantifying the Oil Red O stain intensity). Results Only 65+SED and 65+PF displayed significantly lower overall and type IIa fibre sizes vs. YA. 65+SED displayed a lower type IIa fibre proportion vs. YA. MA-SED and 65+SED displayed a higher hybrid type IIa/IIx fibre proportion vs. YA. Sedentary and pre-frail, but not active, men displayed lower mitochondrial content irrespective of fibre type vs. YA. 65+SED, but not 65+ACT, displayed a higher lipid content in type I fibres vs. YA. Finally, mitochondrial content, but not lipid content, was positively correlated with indices of muscle function, functional capacity, and insulin sensitivity across all subjects. Conclusions Taken altogether, our results indicate that ageing in sedentary men is associated with (i) complex changes in muscle phenotype preferentially affecting type IIa fibres; (ii) a decline in mitochondrial content affecting all fibre types; and (iii) an increase in lipid content in type I fibres. They also indicate that physical activity partially protects from the effects of ageing on muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and lipid accumulation. No skeletal specific muscle phenotype of pre-frailty was observed.