Application of HPLC, LC-Q-TOF-MS, UF-HPLC and LC-MS in the comparative analysis of flavonoids and sterols in the Citrus paradise cv. shamber (grapefruit)

The proper structural flavonoids and essential sterols are preparation issues, and it requires a proper analytical method for proper measurements. The current article provides an advanced analysis of the bioactive compounds of Citrus paradisi cv. shamber (grapefruit) using advanced technologies. The fruit was subjected to analysis for major compounds like flavonoids and phytosterols under seasonal variation using liquid chromatography, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCQ-TOF-MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) techniques, where binding assays coupled with fingerprinting methods were applied for the first time. The flavonoids were detected by HPLC due to their higher precipitations and compared with other detection methods to validate the machine's efficiency. The efficacy was measured in all flavonoids in UHPLC. The highest value of flavonoids narirutin (92 mg/100 g FW), poncirin (11.2 mg/100 g FW), neohesperidin6 (15.6 mg/100 g FW), poncirin (11.2 mg/100 g FW), taxifolin and gallic acid (1.5 and 2.7 mg/100 g FW) were shown on December 1st, while the lowest range of flavonoids narirutin (43 mg/100 g FW The extract preparation issues were resolved in LC-Q-TOF-MS. Analysis of the bioactive compounds through LC-Q-TOF-MS, UPLC, and LC-MS was reported for nine flavonoids and six phytosterols were validated through fingerprinting analysis. The fingerprinting analysis reflects the quality of each sample, exhibiting the confirmation of all flavonoids and phytosterols. Results showed that juice is an excellent source of antioxidants, which were higher in December harvest fruits (mature fruits). It was established that the separation of bioactive compounds through advanced technology was safe where maximum contents of the compounds were reported and the proper maturity period played a significant role in the higher contents of the flavonoids and phytosterols. The new granulometric studies for particle size determination revealed the particle size of the sample as 0.75 mu m in juice, followed by validation through intraday and interday analysis. All analyzed compounds showed a range of RSD of 2%, which exhibited the reliability of a process where all recoveries of total compounds were 97-100%. It was concluded that the LC-Q-TOF-MS and UF-HPLC techniques were efficient methods that could be extended to identify and screen other bioactive ingredients in other natural resources.

Automated summary

This article provides an advanced analysis of the bioactive compounds in grapefruit using advanced technologies, revealing that grapefruit juice is an excellent source of antioxidants with higher contents in mature fruits harvested in December. The study demonstrates that the separation of bioactive compounds through advanced technology is safe, and the proper maturity period plays a significant role in the higher contents of flavonoids and phytosterols.