Thermal and environmental assessment of Botryococcus braunii green biodiesel with nanoparticles using energy-exergy-emission-sustainability (3ES) analysis in a diesel engine

To enhance the characteristics of biodiesel, the inclusion of nanoparticles has been used in recent years. The objective of present study is to analyse a clean, green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable third generation Botryococcus braunii microalgae biodiesel blended with three different nanoparticles, namely lanthanum oxide (La2O3), copper peroxide (CuO2), and cerium oxide (CeO2), in a volumetric quantity of 100 ppm for energy, exergy, and sustainability analysis in a diesel engine system, as well as the emission analysis to determine its impact on the climate. The work comprises a novel comparison based on first and second laws of thermody-namics. A low-displacement, four-stroke, single-cylinder, liquid-cooled, direct-injection engine running at 1500 rpm, 17.5 compression ratio, and injection timing of 23 degrees crank angle bTDC is used for the study. The inclusion of various nanoparticles increases combustion pressure by 8.73-8.82 %, heat release rate by 18.69-24.47 %, NOx emissions by 3.68-30.80 %, energy efficiency by 5.99-7.38 %, exergy efficiency by 0.31-1.79 %, and sustain -ability by 0.62-0.91 %; however, PM emissions are reduced by 0.99-18.08 % and exergy destruction by 0.61-0.91 % at 100 % loading condition. Future studies will focus on reducing the NOx emissions and energy losses from the engine system.

Automated summary

This study analyzes the energy, exergy, sustainability, and emission performance of a Botryococcus braunii microalgae biodiesel blended with three different nanoparticles in a diesel engine system. The inclusion of nanoparticles improves combustion efficiency and energy utilization efficiency, but increases NOx emissions. Additionally, nanoparticles reduce particulate matter emissions and exergy destruction.