A resolution of the monopole problem in the Rh = ct Universe

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in grand unified theories is thought to have produced an exceedingly large number of magnetic monopoles in the early Universe. In the absence of suppression or annihilation, these very massive particles should be dominating the cosmic energy budget today, but none has ever been found. Inflation was invented in part to dilute their number, thereby rendering their density undetectable by current instruments. Should the inflationary paradigm not survive, however, the ensuing disagreement between theory and observation would constitute a cosmological 'monopole problem' and create further tension for any extension to the standard model of particle physics. But as is also true for all horizon problems, a monopole overabundance emerges only in cosmologies with an initial period of deceleration. We show that the alternative Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmology known as the Rh = ct universe completely eliminates all such anomalies rather trivially and naturally, without the need for an inflated expansion. We find that the monopole energy density today would be completely undetectable in Rh = ct. Evidence continues to grow that the zero active mass condition from general relativity ought to be an essential ingredient in ACDM.

Automated summary

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in grand unified theories is believed to have generated a large number of magnetic monopoles in the early Universe. However, none of these massive particles has ever been found, possibly because inflation diluted their number. If the inflationary paradigm is invalid, it would create a cosmological 'monopole problem' and pose a challenge to the standard model of particle physics. In the Rh = ct universe, all such anomalies are eliminated naturally, and the monopole energy density would be undetectable.