Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for Ocean: A Review

Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and provide numerous services to the environment and humans. Precise, real-time, and large-scale monitoring of the oceanographic parameters is essential for ocean conservation and understanding the interactions between oceans and the atmosphere. In this regard, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, with unique capabilities (e.g., day-night and almost all-weather data acquisition), provide valuable datasets for ocean studies. Many studies have exploited the applications of SAR imagery for oceans and have proposed numerous methods to study oceanographic parameters. In this study, a brief introduction to SAR and the interaction between microwave signals and the ocean surface are initially provided. Then, the important spaceborne and airborne SAR systems for oceanographic applications are summarized. Subsequently, 12 different applications of SAR systems in the ocean are comprehensively discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of SAR systems for ocean studies are extensively explored. Finally, the research trend on SAR applications in the ocean is provided by analyzing all the relevant papers published between 1973 and the end of December 2022, and the existing challenges are discussed for future studies.

Automated summary

This article explores the applications of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems in ocean studies. It provides an introduction to SAR and the interaction between microwave signals and the ocean surface. It also summarizes the important spaceborne and airborne SAR systems for oceanographic applications. Additionally, it comprehensively discusses 12 different applications of SAR systems in the ocean and explores the advantages and disadvantages of using SAR for ocean studies. Furthermore, it analyzes relevant papers to identify the research trends and challenges in SAR applications in the ocean.