Recent shift from dominant nitrogen to CO2 fertilization control on the growth of mature Qinghai spruce in China's Qilian Mountains

Terrestrial vegetation growth is stimulated by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, a warmer climate, and increased soil nutrient availability. However, as plants age, progressive nutrient limitation is known to occur, especially in mature forests where soil nitrogen is deficient. Yet the long-term growth response of mature trees to rising CO2 accompanied by changing climate and nitrogen availability in semi-arid mountain regions is unclear. Here we used tree-ring widths and stable carbon (813C) and nitrogen (815N) isotopes to investigate the drivers of radial growth of mature Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the central Qilian Mountains, northwest China, from 1840 through 2019. Tree growth benefited from improved nitrogen availability, chiefly via changes in bioavailable nitrogen pools modified by a favorable climate during 1930-1964. Enhanced intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), driven by reduced stomatal conductance (gs) related to water deficit, lead to radial growth declines in 1985-2002. Recent acceleration of tree growth was largely attributed to a CO2 fertilization effect through enhanced iWUE during 2003-2019. Nitrogen availability was positively related to tree growth from the 1920s onward until greater CO2 fertilization ensued from 2000 onward. Hence, the negative effects of low ni-trogen availability on growth could be mitigated or reversed by a high atmospheric CO2 concentration and warmer climate conditions. Our results suggest that mature spruce forests still harbor potential to increase ecosystem-level carbon sequestration and thereby partially mitigate climate warming. Such a nature-based so-lution in drought-prone forests would be achieved under warmer-wetter climate conditions in northwest China.

Automated summary

This study investigates the long-term growth response and driving factors of mature Qinghai spruce trees in northwest China. The results show that improved nitrogen availability and favorable climate conditions benefit tree growth, and the negative effects of low nitrogen availability on growth can be mitigated by high atmospheric CO2 concentration and warmer-wetter climate conditions.