Effects of inoculum size, light intensity, and dose of anaerobic digestion centrate on growth and productivity of Chlorella and Scenedesmus microalgae and their poly-culture in primary and secondary wastewater

Scale-up of microalgal biofuel technology is challenged by availability of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and the potential negative impact vast increases in chemical fertilizer demand would have on conventional agriculture. The current study investigated replacement of chemical fertilizers with nutrients sourced from primary and secondary wastewater effluents and anaerobic digestion centrate (ADC). Although primary wastewater effluent possessed a high optical density (OD) and bacterial contamination, it was a superior growth medium for microalgal cultivation than nutrient-scarce secondary effluent. Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus acutus f. alternans showed higher growth rates, productivities, and robustness than other species or poly-cultures of five species. While supplementing with 5-10% nutrient-rich ADC increased wastewater OD, it also enhanced microalgal growth rates from 0.2-0.3 d(-1) to 0.7-0.9 d(-1) and biomass productivity from 10 to 20 mg L-1 d to 40-60 mg L-1 d with greater improvements for secondary effluents. Supplementation with ADC also increased nutrient concentrations (N, P, Mn, B, Zn, Co by > 100% and S, Mg, Ca, Mo by 20-60%) and improved the nitrogen to phosphorus (N: P) ratio. Higher ADC dose of 20% inhibited microalgae growth potentially due to ammonia toxicity. Elevation of inoculum doses and light intensity increased final biomass density and productivity, with intensities <140 mu mol photon m(-2) s(-1) limiting algal growth rates. Inoculum doses of >= 2.5 x 10(5) cell mL(-1) were most favorable for cultivation of all tested microalgae and for FAME content and composition for a newly characterized strain of Chlorella sorokiniana. Overall, ADC represents an economical fertilizer substitute providing various nutrients needed for microalgal growth and enhancing biofuel sustainability. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.