Commercial astaxanthin production derived by green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A microalgae process model and a techno-economic assessment all through production line

The freshwater green microalgal strain Haematococcus pluvialis is the richest source for the production of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is member of the xanthophyll family of carotenoids and constitutes the highest value product derived by microalgae. So far, algal astaxanthin amounts to <1% of the global market, since the synthetic alternative involves lower production costs. In this study, the technical and economic performance throughout large scale astaxanthin production, for two European cities (Livadeia, Greece and Amsterdam, the Netherlands), is investigated. The techno-economic assessment was facilitated by creating a theoretical process model, which simulated all phases of the production process. A hybrid system for photoautotrophic cultivation comprised by a photobioreactor (PBR) fence and a raceway pond complex was assumed for the 'green' and the 'red stage' respectively. The area covered by each cultivation system was assumed as 1 ha. The technical part included the mass-energy flows associated with the production process. The most important mass inflow refers to freshwater. More specifically, 63,526 m(3)/year and 23,793 m(3)/year are needed for the production of 426 kg/year and 143 kg/year astaxanthin in Livadeia and Amsterdam respectively. Regarding total energy needs, they were calculated at 751.2 MWh/year and 396.5 MWh/year for the Greek and the Dutch city respectively. With respect to the economic performance, a Profit and Loss (P&L) analysis was conducted applying three scenarios (worst-, base- and best case). Determining CAPEX and annual OPEX, the return of investment (ROI) for different market prices of astaxanthin was calculated. It was found that only in Livadeia high economic viability can be achieved for all market prices. The costs per kilogram of natural astaxanthin for Livadeia and Amsterdam were calculated at (sic)1536/kg(ASTAX) and (sic)6403/kg(ASTAX) respectively (best case scenario), rendering natural astaxanthin unable to compete with the synthetic alternative ((sic)880/kg(ASTAX)) yet, at least for feeding purposes. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.