Journal
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
Volume 4, Issue 10, Pages 5776-5784Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01760
Keywords
Vulcanized natural rubber; Degree of curing; Self-healing; Disulfides; Polysulfides; Elastomer; Time dependence; Electron spin resonance
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Funding
- European Commission [PIEF-GA-2013-623379]
- SHINE project [EU 309450-2]
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A self-healing sulfur vulcanized natural rubber (NR) is here reported using the common ingredients in a traditional NR formulation. The dynamic character of the di- and polysulfide bonds naturally present in covalently cross-linked rubbers was found to be responsible for the healing ability and the full recovery of mechanical properties at moderate temperatures provided the material was employed in a nonfully cured starting state. Results show that a compromise between mechanical performance and healing capability can be reached by tailoring the amount of sulfur, the cross-linking density, and the disulfide/polysulfide ratio. The healing efficiency was found to depend on the postcuring storage time, the time between damage creation and re-establishment of mechanical contact, and the actual healing time. Furthermore, a dedicated electron spin resonance (ESR) test allowed establishing the underlying healing principle based on temperature-induced free sulfur radicals. The main observations presented here can serve as the basis for the design and preparation of other self-healing polymers with long-term durability based on di-/ polysulfide bridges and other reversible moieties.
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