Enhanced CO2 Degassing From the Tropical Indian Ocean During Cold Climatic Events of the Last Glacial Cycle

Atmospheric CO2 variability on the glacial-interglacial (G-IG) timescale reflects a balance between oceanic and terrestrial processes involving carbon uptake and release. The Southern Ocean CO2 uptake is considered as an important modulator for the G-IG atmospheric CO2 variability, while the role of tropical ocean ventilation remains enigmatic. We present critical evidence for CO2 ventilation from the tropical Indian Ocean through the reconstruction of the Arabian Sea-surface pCO(2) for the past similar to 136 ka utilizing boron isotope (delta B-11) record of planktic foraminifera, Globigerinoides ruber. Our site in the Arabian Sea presently acts as a significant source of CO2. The reconstructed Delta pCO(2) (Delta pCO(2) = pCO(2 Seawater) - pCO(2 Atmosphere)) record shows an enhanced CO2 degassing up to similar to 50 ppm during the major cooling events, such as the Last Glacial Maximum, Younger Dryas, and Heinrich-Stadials. Our investigation based on multiproxy records of sea-surface temperature, salinity, and productivity suggests that the northward invasion and shoaling of southern source CO2-rich water, coupled with stronger upwelling, resulted in CO2 degassing during these cold intervals. This finding is in align with the tropical Atlantic which also demonstrated an enhanced CO2 degassing during the cold intervals; however, most of the upwelled CO2 was consumed as the water moved away from the upwelling sites. Therefore, our finding, when considered alongside tropical Atlantic records, suggests that tropical oceans played a minor role in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels during the cold intervals of the last glacial cycle, supporting the prevailing hypothesis.

Automated summary

This study provides critical evidence for enhanced CO2 degassing from the tropical Indian Ocean during major cooling events. The findings are consistent with observations in the tropical Atlantic, supporting the hypothesis that tropical oceans played a minor role in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels during the cold intervals of the last glacial cycle.