The Use of Soy Isoflavones in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Focus on the Cellular Effects

A possible link between diet and cancer has long been considered, with growing interest in phytochemicals. Soy isoflavones have been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in Asian populations. Of the soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in particular, have been studied, but recently, equol as a derivative has gained interest because it is more biologically potent. Different mechanisms of action have already been studied for the different isoflavones in multiple conditions, such as breast, gastrointestinal, and urogenital cancers. Many of these mechanisms of action could also be demonstrated in the prostate, both in vitro and in vivo. This review focuses on the known mechanisms of action at the cellular level and compares them between genistein, daidzein, and equol. These include androgen- and estrogen-mediated pathways, regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and epigenetics are addressed.

Automated summary

The link between diet and cancer is being explored, with a focus on phytochemicals. Soy isoflavones, especially genistein, daidzein and the derivative equol, have been studied for their potential roles in reducing the risk of prostate cancer. Various mechanisms of action at the cellular level have been identified, spanning hormone-mediated pathways, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of these mechanisms among the different soy isoflavones.