Spatial Distribution and Factors Influencing the Various Forms of Iron in Alluvial-Lacustrine Clayey Aquitard

The compression release of pore water in clayey aquitards has a significant impact on groundwater quality. Iron is an active variable element that mediates biochemical reactions in groundwater systems, but its transformation mechanisms in clayey aquitards remain unclear. The sediment and pore water samples from the shallow clayey aquitard (thickness = similar to 20 m) in the Chen Lake area of China were collected in three boreholes. The spatial distribution and influencing factors of Fe occurrence in the aquitard were revealed using hierarchical extraction, statistical analysis, and simulation calculations. The results indicate that the background value of alluvial-lacustrine sediments primarily affects the Fe concentration of clayey sediments. The dissimilatory reduction in free Fe oxide was the main source of Fe ions in pore water, resulting in a major percentage of Fe2+ in the total Fe concentration (0.07-5.91 mg/L). The abundant organic matter in organic-rich clay promoted a dissimilatory reduction in Fe (III) oxides, while the Fe concentrations of sediment and pore water were lower in the sand-rich stratum because of its weak adsorption capacity. The impact of human reclamation activities on the aquitard was mainly concentrated in the shallow layer (> -3 m), resulting in water drainage and O-2 and CO2 input, which induced the crystallization of poorly crystalline Fe oxides. The input of reactive organic matter from reclaimed crops promoted the dissimilatory reduction in Fe oxides and the enrichment of Fe in deep pore water. The copious Fe2+ in deep stratum pore water tended to interact with CO32- and S2- to form coprecipitation with Fe (II). The concentrations of As, Cr, Sr, Zn, and Mn in pore water followed a similar variation trend to the Fe ion concentration, and their release could be attributed to the reduction dissolution of sediment Fe (III) oxides.

Automated summary

The release of pore water has a significant impact on groundwater quality, but the transformation mechanisms of iron in clayey aquitards remain unclear. This study reveals the occurrence and influencing factors of iron in the aquitard using hierarchical extraction, statistical analysis, and simulation calculations. The results show that the dissimilatory reduction in free iron oxide is the main source of iron ions in pore water. Organic-rich clay promotes the reduction of iron oxides, while sand-rich strata have lower iron concentrations due to weak adsorption capacity. Human reclamation activities mainly affect the shallow layer, and reactive organic matter from crops promotes the enrichment of iron in deep pore water.