Self-acclimation mechanism of pyrite to sulfamethoxazole concentration in terms of degradation behavior and toxicity effects caused by reactive oxygen species

Pyrite has been extensively tested for oxidizing contaminants via the activation of water molecule or dissolved oxygen, while the changing of oxidation species induced by contaminant's concentration has been largely underestimated. In this study, we revealed a self-acclimation mechanism of pyrite in terms of (OH)-O-center dot conversion to O-1(2) during the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation process under oxic conditions. Two reaction stages of SMX degradation by pyrite were observed. The SMX concentration decreased by 70% rapidly in the first 12 h after the reaction was initiated, then, the removal rate began to decrease as the SMX concentration decreased. Importantly, (OH)-O-center dot and O-2(center dot-) were the dominant oxidizing species in stage one, while O-1(2) was responsible for the further degradation of SMX in stage two. The self-acclimated mechanism of pyrite was proven to be caused by the conversion of oxidative species at the surface of pyrite. This process can overcome the shortages of (OH)-O-center dot such as ultrashort lifetime and limited effective diffusion in the decontamination of micropollutant. Moreover, different reactive oxygen species will lead to different degradation pathways and environmental toxicity while degrading pollutants. This finding of oxidizing species' self-acclimation mechanism should be of concern when using pyrite for water treatment.

Automated summary

This study revealed a self-acclimation mechanism of pyrite in the oxidation process of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The conversion of (OH)· to O1(2) was proven to be an important factor in the degradation of SMX. This mechanism overcomes the limitations of (OH)· and different oxidizing species have different degradation pathways and environmental toxicity.