The Evolvement of OCT and OCT-A in Identifying Multiple Sclerosis Biomarkers

Review Immunology

Optical coherence tomography angiography measurements in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Soheil Mohammadi et al.

Summary: Recent literature on MS has shown an increasing use of OCT-A to detect changes in the retina and optic nerve. This review analyzes OCT-A studies in MS patients and its potential as a surrogate for CNS tissue changes.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differentiating Multiple Sclerosis From AQP4-Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and MOG-Antibody Disease With Imaging

Rosa Cortese et al.

Summary: This study investigated whether imaging characteristics could differentiate between relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). The results showed that the proportion of lesions with the central vein sign (CVS) was the most accurate measure to differentiate RRMS from AQP4-NMOSD, while white matter lesions were the most accurate measure to discriminate RRMS from MOGAD.

NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Population-Based Estimates for the Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in the United States by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Sex, and Geographic Region

Michael Hittle et al.

Summary: This study found that White individuals had the highest prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS), followed by Black individuals, individuals from other non-Hispanic racial and ethnic groups, and Hispanic individuals. In the United States, MS affects diverse racial and ethnic groups. Prevalence of MS increases significantly and nonuniformly with latitude in the United States, even when adjusted for race, ethnicity, age, and sex. These findings are important for clinicians, researchers, and policy makers.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Identifying Optical Coherence Tomography Markers for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Management

Larisa Cujba et al.

Summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that affects the optic nerve and can be diagnosed and monitored using optical coherence tomography (OCT). In a clinical study, patients with MS were compared to healthy controls, and significant thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) was observed in MS patients, especially those with optic neuritis. The study also found that retinal changes in MS start from the fovea and spread to the posterior pole.

DIAGNOSTICS (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Role of Nrf2/sMAF Signalling in Retina Ageing and Retinal Diseases

Jialing Zhang et al.

Summary: Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. Accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A bZIP transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, focusing on the retina. Targeting Nrf2 is hypothesised to be a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases due to its role as the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells.

BIOMEDICINES (2023)

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Article Ophthalmology

Assessment of Outer Retina and Choroid Using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Yuzhu Gao et al.

JOURNAL OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY (2023)

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Article Ophthalmology

Is the ganglion cell layer thickness to macular thickness ratio a new biomarker for multiple sclerosis?

Nuray Can Usta et al.

Summary: This retrospective study analyzed medical records of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients between January 2016 and December 2021. The study found that the ratio of ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT) to total macular thickness (MT) was lower in MS patients compared to the healthy control group. This ratio may have a role in supporting the diagnosis of MS.

INTERNATIONAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optic Neuritis After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

Asaf Shemer et al.

Summary: Describes recent cases of optic neuritis in patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine. While a causal relationship cannot be determined, the importance of COVID-19 vaccination is emphasized, and the authors suggest establishing a monitoring and reporting system.

JOURNAL OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY (2023)

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Article Ophthalmology

Optic neuritis following COVID-19 vaccination: Coincidence or side-effect? - A case series

Madhurima Roy et al.

Summary: This is the first reported case series in our country of optic neuritis following COVID-19 vaccination without any sign of active infection. Patients developed symptoms within 5-12 days after receiving the vaccine and improved after pulse steroid therapy.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

OCT retinal nerve fiber layer thickness differentiates acute optic neuritis from MOG antibody-associated disease and Multiple Sclerosis RNFL thickening in acute optic neuritis from MOGAD vs MS

John J. Chen et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in distinguishing acute optic neuritis (ON) in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disorder (MOGAD) from multiple sclerosis (MS). The study found that pRNFL thickness measured by OCT can serve as a sensitive biomarker for confirming acute ON in MOGAD and can help differentiate MOGAD from MS. It also suggests that pRNFL thickening can aid in early diagnosis and guide disease-specific therapy in the acute setting.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography indicates subclinical retinal disease in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Lilian Aly et al.

Summary: Patients with NMOSD may experience subclinical retinal vessel loss, which could be associated with elevated levels of GFAP and lead to poorer visual performance. OCT-A may serve as a tool to study subclinical disease activity in NMOSD.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence

Annette M. Langer-Gould et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine whether the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies by race and ethnicity. The results showed that MS prevalence was higher in White and Black individuals, while significantly lower in Hispanic and Asian individuals in Southern California.

NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): A Review of Clinical and MRI Features, Diagnosis, and Management

Elia Sechi et al.

Summary: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a recently defined inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical and MRI features of MOGAD differ from other diseases such as AQP4-IgG+NMOSD and MS. MOG-IgG detection confirms the diagnosis, but false positive results are possible. International consensus diagnostic criteria are being compiled. Acute attacks of MOGAD are responsive to high dose steroids, and plasma exchange may be considered for refractory cases. More research is needed to guide attack-prevention and maintenance treatments.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Correlation analysis between foveal avascular zone and near peripheral retinal hypoperfusion in multiple sclerosis: a wide field optical coherence tomography angiography study

Daniela Montorio et al.

Summary: This cross-sectional study investigated the potential biomarkers for retinal vascular changes in multiple sclerosis patients using a new wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography technology. The study found that the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area could be a possible marker for assessing the perfusion status in the near peripheral retina.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Can Lamina Cribrosa Indicate Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis

Mehmet Hamamci et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the association between lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) and lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) determined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The results showed that the lamina cribrosa was thinner in MS patients with VEP pathology, suggesting LCT could be used as an indicator of optic neuritis in MS patients.

NEUROLOGY INDIA (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis-A Review of Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Degenerative Process

Manuela Andreea Ciapa et al.

Summary: This article reviews and summarizes the main molecular mechanisms involved in defining optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis and analyzes the existing data on remyelination strategies in ON and their impact on long-term prognosis.

CURRENT ISSUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Health Care Sciences & Services

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography with Angiography in Multiple Sclerosis

Ioannis-Nikolaos Chalkias et al.

Summary: This review provides insights into the recent findings of OCT and OCT-A in MS. Current literature suggests that RNFL and GC-IPL are significantly reduced in people with MS and are inversely correlated with disease duration. OCT-A findings include reduced vessel density in the macula and peripapillary area, as well as enlargement of the foveal avascular zone in optic neuritis cases.

HEALTHCARE (2022)

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Article Ophthalmology

Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography and visual evoked potential in patients with multiple sclerosis

Sedat Ava et al.

Summary: In this study, a correlation was found between visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study suggests that VEP measurements can serve as an easy-to-apply biomarker for determining the degree of optic nerve damage in MS patients.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Choroidal Thickness in Multiple Sclerosis: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study

Alessandro Masala et al.

Summary: The study utilized EDI-OCT to investigate changes in choroidal thickness in MS patients, revealing a significant increase in CT in patients with a history of ON, along with thinner RNFL.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis

Angela Dziedzic et al.

Summary: The study found that infection with the novel coronavirus may have serious consequences for patients with multiple sclerosis, potentially leading to neurodegenerative diseases such as demyelination. Infection with the novel coronavirus can trigger cytokine storm syndrome, increasing the risk of developing acute cerebrovascular disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Peripapillary Vessel Density in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Study

Malgorzata Rogaczewska et al.

Summary: Optic neuritis is associated with a more significant drop in RPC vessel density in NMOSD patients than in MS patients, and the predilection to superior and inferior sectors may be useful as a differential diagnostic marker.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: A 3-year prospective multicenter study

Friedemann Paul et al.

Summary: This study evaluated changes in inner retinal layers and brain volume in multiple sclerosis patients over 3 years using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Results showed significant thinning of retinal layers and decreased brain volume, with a correlation between retinal atrophy and brain atrophy. OCT has the potential to estimate rates of neurodegeneration in the retina and brain.

ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Optical coherence tomography angiography helps distinguish multiple sclerosis from AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Chunxin Liu et al.

Summary: OCT angiography revealed distinct structural and microvascular retinal changes in MS and AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD. The combination of structural and microvascular parameters showed promising diagnostic capabilities for discriminating between NMOSD and MS.

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differential patterns of parafoveal and peripapillary vessel density in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Ga-In Lee et al.

Summary: The study compared intraocular microvascular alterations in patients with MS and NMOSD using OCTA. It found that NMOSD patients had significantly decreased vessel density compared to MS patients, with associations between vessel density and structural and functional parameters in both groups. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis and vascular alterations in these disorders.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Differentiation between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using optical coherence tomography angiography

Malgorzata Rogaczewska et al.

Summary: The study utilized spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) to identify neurovascular alterations in NMOSD and MS eyes, finding differences in radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness that may aid in differentiation. Using disease-specific intra-eye RPC vessel density reduction patterns, simple ratios were identified as effective discriminants between NMOSD and MS patients.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Evoked Potentials as Prognostic and Monitoring Tools in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Simone Guerrieri et al.

Summary: Understanding the mechanisms and developing new treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) are major challenges in CNS demyelinating diseases. Over the past decade, the visual pathway has become a useful platform for studying demyelination/remyelination processes and their relationship with axonal degeneration/protection, with OCT and VEPs providing both structural and functional information in monitoring PMS.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Interocular Difference in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Predicts Optic Neuritis in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis

Amy T. Waldman et al.

Summary: The study shows that in pediatric-onset MS patients, using RNFL IOD testing can enhance the diagnostic yield of OCT in confirming remote ON, especially for those with normal RNFL thickness in each eye. An IOD >5µm suggests a history of remote ON, particularly in patients with previous visual symptoms.

JOURNAL OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Alterations in the Retinal Vascular Network and Structure in MOG Antibody-Associated Disease: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study

Jian Yu et al.

Summary: MOG-Ab-associated optic neuritis is linked to significant decreases in retinal structure and vessel density, without notable impairments in visual function. Furthermore, peripapillary vessel density may serve as a predictor for visual outcomes in patients with MOG-Ab-associated optic neuritis.

JOURNAL OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with multiple sclerosis

Sarah A. Khader et al.

Summary: The study evaluated optical coherence tomography angiography findings in multiple sclerosis patients and found a correlation between decreased vascular perfusion of the optic nerve, damage to retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell layer.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Alterations in the retinal vasculature occur in multiple sclerosis and exhibit novel correlations with disability and visual function measures

Olwen C. Murphy et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography findings of multiple sclerosis with or without optic neuritis

Mahmut Oguz Ulusoy et al.

NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Ophthalmology

Visual Function and Disability Are Associated with Increased Retinal Volumetric Vessel Density in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Hong Jiang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

From Rust to Quantum Biology: The Role of Iron in Retina Physiopathology

Emilie Picard et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Ophthalmology

Evaluation of the effect of fingolimod (FTY720) on macular perfusion by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with multiple sclerosis

Yalcin Karakucuk et al.

CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optimization of spectral domain optical coherence tomography and visual evoked potentials to identify unilateral optic neuritis

Raed Behbehani et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Peripapillary Vessel Density as Early Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis

Gilda Cennamo et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Optical coherence tomography angiography in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study

Roberta Farci et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Axonal Degeneration Independent of Inflammatory Activity: Is It More Intense in the Early Stages of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Disease?

Vedat Cilingir et al.

EUROPEAN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Angiography with optical coherence tomography as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis

Beatriz Cordon et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Iris Kleerekooper et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings After Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis

Olwen C. Murphy et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Letter Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography detects retinal vascular alterations in different phases of multiple sclerosis

Roberta Lanzillo et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography indicates associations of the retinal vascular network and disease activity in multiple sclerosis

Nikolaus Feucht et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Letter Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography detects retinal vascular alterations in different phases of multiple sclerosis

Roberta Lanzillo et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography indicates associations of the retinal vascular network and disease activity in multiple sclerosis

Nikolaus Feucht et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Neurosciences

Eyes are mirror of the brain: comparison of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls using OCT

Umit Dogan et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Increased Levels of Endothelin-1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Are a Marker of Poor Visual Recovery after Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Massimiliano Castellazzi et al.

DISEASE MARKERS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Relationship between retinal inner nuclear layer, age, and disease activity in progressive MS

Maria Cellerino et al.

NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Multifocal visual evoked potentials and contrast sensitivity correlate with ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in multiple sclerosis

Divya Narayanan et al.

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Ophthalmology

Image Artifacts in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Among Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Mustafa Iftikhar et al.

CURRENT EYE RESEARCH (2019)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Multiple sclerosis - a review

R. Dobson et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2019)

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Article Ophthalmology

Assessments of vessel density and foveal avascular zone metrics in multiple sclerosis: an optical coherence tomography angiography study

Hayati Yilmaz et al.

EYE (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography retinal vascular network assessment in multiple sclerosis

Roberta Lanzillo et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography angiography retinal vascular network assessment in multiple sclerosis

Roberta Lanzillo et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

A cross-sectional and longitudinal study evaluating brain volumes, RNFL, and cognitive functions in MS patients and healthy controls

Jessica Frau et al.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2018)

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Review Ophthalmology

Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis

Josefine Britze et al.

EYE (2018)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria

Alan J. Thompson et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2018)

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Review Ophthalmology

Emerging Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in neurological research

Liang Wang et al.

EYE AND VISION (2018)

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Article Ophthalmology

Optical coherence tomography angiography enhances the detection of optic nerve damage in multiple sclerosis

Rebecca I. Spain et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2018)

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Article Ophthalmology

Evaluation of Prelaminar Region and Lamina Cribrosa with Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography in Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma

Mehmet Giray Ersoz et al.

TURK OFTALMOLOJI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2018)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Axel Petzold et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Sensitivity of visual evoked potentials and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Raed Behbehani et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2017)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Effect of fingolimod (FTY720) on choroidal thickness in patients with multiple sclerosis

Ali Kal et al.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Trans-synaptic degeneration in the optic pathway. A study in clinically isolated syndrome and early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with or without optic neuritis

Marco Puthenparampil et al.

PLOS ONE (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Multifocal visual evoked potentials in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: A review

Gorm Pihl-Jensen et al.

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Ophthalmology

Evaluation of Choroidal Vascular Changes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography

Ebru Esen et al.

OPHTHALMOLOGICA (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Analysis of retinal nerve fibre layer, visual evoked potentials and relative afferent pupillary defect in multiple sclerosis patients

Adriana Chilinska et al.

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detection of retinal blood vessel changes in multiple sclerosis with optical coherence tomography

Basanta Bhaduri et al.

BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Review Ophthalmology

Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis

Nilufer Kale

EYE AND BRAIN (2016)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography reflects brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A four-year study

Shiv Saidha et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Multifocal VEP assessment of optic neuritis evolution

Daniah Alshowaeir et al.

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Ophthalmology

CORRELATION OF FOVEAL AVASCULAR ZONE SIZE WITH FOVEAL MORPHOLOGY IN NORMAL EYES USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY

Wasim A. Samara et al.

RETINA-THE JOURNAL OF RETINAL AND VITREOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Article Ophthalmology

Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic nerve head and parafovea in multiple sclerosis

Xiaogang Wang et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cerebral hypoperfusion in multiple sclerosis is reversible and mediated by endothelin-1

Miguel D'haeseleer et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Aquaporin 4 and neuromyelitis optica

Marios C. Papadopoulos et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2012)

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Article Ophthalmology

Relationship among Visual Field, Blood Flow, and Neural Structure Measurements in Glaucoma

John C. Hwang et al.

INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2012)

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Correction Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (vol 9, pg 921, 2010)

A. Petzold et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2010)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Axel Petzold et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2010)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Multiple sclerosis as a vascular disease

A Minagar et al.

NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH (2006)

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The Evolvement of OCT and OCT-A in Identifying Multiple Sclerosis Biomarkers

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