Intermarriage and ancient polity alliances: isotopic evidence of cross-regional female exogamy during the Longshan period (2500-1900 BC)

The late third-millennium BC Longshan period was a crucial time for state formation in central China. During these centuries, long-distance networks expanded and shared material culture and then cultural practices spread across wider areas precipitating social and ideological developments that presaged the rise of states and cities on the Central Plain. In this research, the authors use multiple (strontium, oxygen and carbon) isotope analyses from the dental enamel of 67 individuals buried at the Xiajin cemetery, Shanxi Province. The results indicate significant long-distance migration among females during the Longshan period, which the authors interpret as evidence of exogamous marriage for political alliance-building-a phenomenon found more widely across Eurasia at the start of the Bronze Age.

Automated summary

The Longshan period in the late third-millennium BC was crucial for the formation of states in central China. During this period, long-distance networks expanded, sharing material culture and spreading cultural practices. This led to social and ideological developments that paved the way for the rise of states and cities on the Central Plain. The research conducted by the authors using multiple isotope analyses indicates significant long-distance migration among females during the Longshan period, suggesting exogamous marriage for political alliances.